Ecol. Lett 16:912–920PubMedCrossRef
Smith P, Ashmore M, Black H, Burgess P, Evans C, Hails R et al (2011) UK national ecosystem assessment, chapter 14: regulating services. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge Stoate C, Baldi A, Beja P, Boatman ND, Herzon I, van Doorn A, de Snoo GR, Rakosy L, Ramwell C (2009) Ecological impacts of early 21st century agricultural change in Europe. J Environ Manag 91:22–46CrossRef Sutherland L-A (2009) Environmental grants and regulations in strategic farm business decision-making: a case study of attitudinal behaviour in Inhibitor Library high throughput Scotland. Land Use Policy 27:415–423CrossRef Vanbergen A, The Insect Pollinators Initiative (2013) Threats to an ecosystem service: pressures on pollinators. Front Ecol Environ 11:251–259CrossRef World Trade Organisation (1995) Agreement on Agriculture. http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/14-ag.pdf Wratten SD, Gillespie M, Decourtye A, Mader E, Desneux N (2012) Pollinator habitat enhancement: benefits to other ecosystem services. Agric Ecosyst Environ 159:112–122CrossRef”
“Introduction Preservation of natural habitats in Latin America, Africa and Asia is often a daunting task given rapid population growth and agricultural expansion with concomitant high levels of deforestation
(Harvey et al. 2008; Bradshaw et al. 2009). However, these lost habitats could have provided ecological services to agricultural environments and if the value of tropical forests to natural pest control were more widely recognized, small-rural landowners of forest might Belnacasan manufacturer be more likely to protect, even restore, adjacent woodlands. At a governmental level, informed politicians would be in a stronger position to legislate and enforce conservation measures (Newton et al. 2009). As an illustrative example, we consider the relationship among tephritid fruit flies, several of which are important pests in southern Mexico, their parasitoids, and the trees on which both ultimately depend. Specifically, Temsirolimus supplier we consider in detail an area of 900 ha
(Fig. 1) located in the center of Veracruz State in the vicinity of Apazapan (19°198 N, 96°428 W; 347 masl), Llano Grande (19°228 N, 96°538 W; 950 masl), Tejería, (19°228 N, 96°568 W; 1,000 masl) and Monte learn more Blanco (19°238 N, 96°568 W; 1,050 masl). This area of mixed agriculture and uncultivated vegetation contains about 12 % of the plant diversity in Mexico and of this diversity 30 % is endemic (Rzedowski 1996). We argue that a number of the local, largely native, fruit tree species act as critical reservoirs that conserve key parasitoids of tephritid pests (Hernández-Ortiz et al. 1994; Lopez et al. 1999; Sivinski et al. 2000; Aluja et al. 2003, 2008) and that other fruit trees not only conserve these parasitoids but greatly amplify their numbers.