Inhibition of PKG with KT5823 had similar effects as PDE inhibitors (Figures 3A–3C). Finally, inhibiting cGMP synthesis with ODQ prevented the antagonistic effect of Sema3A on forskolin-induced LKB1 and GSK-3β phosphorylation (Figure 3A). Thus, axon suppression and neuron polarizing effects of Sema3A could be accounted for by its elevation of cGMP, which reduced cAMP/PKA activity signaling pathway by activating PKG and cAMP-selective PDEs, leading to the suppression of PKA-dependent LKB1/GSK-3β phosphorylation

that is critical for axon formation. To test further whether the suppression of LKB1-S431 phosphorylation is critical for Sema3A effect on axon initiation, we performed Sema3A stripe assay for neurons transfected with a construct expressing LKB1 with S431 site mutated to aspartic acid (LKB1S431D), mimicking the phosphorylated LKB1 (at S431). As shown in Figure 1Ca, preferential axon initiation was indeed abolished for neurons overexpressing LKB1S431D, consistent with the notion that LKB1S431D is no longer subjected to suppression by Sema3A. Localized elevation of cAMP activity is sufficient to initiate axon differentiation through PKA-dependent phosphorylation and accumulation of LKB1 (Shelly et al., 2007), an essential protein for axon formation in vivo (Barnes et al., 2007 and Shelly et al., 2007). Consistent with this

critical function of PKA-dependent Electron transport chain LKB1 phosphorylation and the antagonistic effect of Sema3A on cAMP activity (Figure 3), we found that phosphorylated LKB1 (pLKB1-S431) showed early accumulation (at selleck chemical 10–16 hr after cell plating) in undifferentiated neurites off the Sema3A stripe ( Figure 4A) and the accumulation persisted in axons after neuronal polarization ( Figure 4B). The effect of Sema3A on LKB1 phosphorylation and on early

pLKB1-S431 accumulation was quantified for all cells with their somata located on the stripe boundary, by determining the distribution of initiation sites on the soma of the most prominent pLKB1-S431-enriched neurite in all unpolarized cells at 16 hr. We found that pLKB1-S431 expression was largely associated with undifferentiated neurites initiated off the Sema3A stripe ( Figure 4C). Preferential pLKB1-S431 accumulation were quantified by using the preference index (PI = [(% on stripe) − (% off stripe)] / 100%) and the result further supports the notion that the polarizing action of Sema3A depends on local prevention of PKA-dependent phosphorylation and accumulation of LKB1 ( Figure 4D). Finally, we note that at 60 hr when neurons became polarized, most axons showed highest accumulation of pLKB1-S431 regardless of the location of axon on or off the Sema3A stripe, whereas dendrites mostly showed low pLKB1-S431 expression.