The lower limit of detection of viable organisms in MEF using this dilution series is 100 c.f.u. ml-1 [3]. Direct and indirect

examination of the ears was performed on days 3, 7, 12, and 19 following inoculation with NTHi strains, and days 3, 7 and 11 following inoculation with strain Rd, or until the middle ear https://www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html cultures were sterile on two consecutive samples. The median bacterial density was calculated for each organism at each sample point and statistically significant OICR-9429 order differences were determined using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test (SaS ® 9). Results The genes of the sialometabolism region are conserved in H. influenzae Previous studies by us using a H. influenzae whole genome microarray [25] and by others [12] identified a region of DNA comprising nine contiguous genes that encode functions relating to sialometabolism (Figure 1). The genes for sialic acid catabolism (HI0140 (nagA), HI0141 (nagB), HI0142 (nanA), HI0144 (nanK), HI0145 (nanE) and including HI0143

(siaR)) and procurement (HI0146 (siaP), HI1047 (siaQM), HI0148) are transcribed divergently (Figure 1). siaR and nanK possess overlapping Cobimetinib research buy ORFs whilst three pairs of adjacent genes have intergenic regions of <50 bp. To explore how general this arrangement of the sialometabolism region of DNA is in H. influenzae, we examined 25 NTHi isolates selected because they are epidemiologically distinct and representative of NTHi genetic diversity [17]. All 25 isolates incorporate sialic acid into their LPS as a terminal residue [26], although the location and amount of Neu5Ac in LPS glycoforms, and the repertoire of sialyltransferase genes present, are variable between strains. PCR analysis was carried out on chromosomal DNA from each strain using internal

primers for each of the 9 genes (HI0140-HI0148) (Table 1) and primers designed against genes in the flanking regions (HI0139 encoding P2 protein on the 5′ side and HI0148.1/HI0149 on the 3′ side). This analysis confirmed that both the presence of individual sialometabolism genes and their organization in all 25 NTHi strains was conserved and overall was the same as that of strain Rd (Figure 1). H. influenzae type b strains also maintained the sialometabolism gene cluster (data not shown). Two of the twenty five NTHi strains, 375 and 486, which have been used in previous in vitro and in vivo studies of sialic acid metabolism, were selected Fossariinae for further investigation together with strain Rd. Mutations in genes within the sialometabolism region of DNA in strains Rd, 375 and 486, with the exception of nagA and nagB, were made. nagB encodes the last of the five steps of the Neu5Ac catabolic pathway (converting glucosamine-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate), suggesting that the gene product may be essential because of its close association with central metabolism, as had been previously described for nagA [27]. The sialometabolism uptake genes are essential for LPS sialylation and virulence H.