Furthermore, it is well known that smoking behavior is common among depressed patients. For the Japanese population a relationship between the L allele, myocardial infarction, and smoking was suggested, as the LL and LS genotypes were more frequently observed in male CVD patients, and smoking had a synergistic effect.38 In contrast, in the American population Lerman found no significant difference in the distribution of 5-HTT genotypes among smokers and nonsmokers, but revealed an interaction between

the SS genotype and neuroticism in nicotine addiction.39 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Recently, in the Caucasian population no association between the 5-HTTLPR genotypes and smoking behavior

was found.40 These discrepant findings suggest that nicotine addiction may be influenced by a combination of the 5-HTT gene and anxiety-related personality traits, rather than by each factor alone.35 Furthermore, alcoholism, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a known risk factor for hypertension and cerebral hemorrhagic infarction and a common comorbid condition with depression, has been associated with the SS genotype in an American population.41 Integration of the findings with the 5-HTTLPR As so far no association studies have been carried out Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with both CVD and depression, it is hard to assess the validity of the separate findings as common genetic risk factors. Nevertheless, the convincing Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical data for the 5HTTLPR as a susceptibility locus for Doramapimod mw depression and cardiovascular events might be judged

as a common mechanism, and could therefore be of theoretical interest, suggesting an impact of the 5-HT transporter. The fact that different alleles of this polymorphism were Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical associated with the different disorders, the S allele with depression and anxiety personality traits and the L allele with vascular events and atherosclerosis, seems contradictory, but might be explained by the complex nature of both disorders. Complex disorders Oxymatrine are multifactorial in origin, involving the action of several genes of minor effect together with environmental factors. Thus, an interaction of several genes in particular, each contributing to the risk for one disorder, could increase the liability for both disorders. One example of this might be the observation that the S allele could also increase the risk for cardiac events via its impact on emotion,30 thus inducing a cascade of subsequent stress reactions that themselves have negative input on the vasculature and cardiac function. Other serotonergic candidates In contrast to the data with 5-HTT, those for the serotonergic receptor gene polymorphisms are less abundant.