Interestingly, isolate VIRUBRA 4/009 significantly differed from the other three Czech isolates and was the only European isolate that showed the highest nucleotide identity with American isolates. Moreover, the PVM isolates from the Czech Republic

and Germany differed in their host range. Phylogenetic analysis based on ORF5 coding for coat protein showed that the Czech isolates could be classified in two of the three groupings of the phylogenetic tree obtained. This is the first report on molecular and biological analysis of the genome sequences of PVM isolates from the Czech Republic. “
“The white pine blister rust caused by Cronartium ribicola is one of the most severe diseases of Pinus armandii Franch in Yunnan Province, Selleckchem IDH inhibitor China, and controlling the disease is very difficult. A mycoparasite (Trichoderma atroviride P. Karsten SS003) we isolated can effectively destroy aeciospores. Microscopic analysis showed that aeciospore warts started to fall off 3 days after SS003 inoculation, and the outer wall of the aeciospores was deformed and completely broken 5 days after treatment. SS003 treatment indoors and in the field was effective against C. ribicola. SS003 mycelium grew well on aeciospore piles, and the

outer walls of most aeciospores were broken when examined by microscope. The average efficacy of SS003 against Armandii pine blister rust reached 71.85% after Selleckchem Enzalutamide continuous treatment for 1.5 years in the field. Additionally, safety tests SAHA HDAC concentration showed that P. armandii seedlings experienced no side effects when they were inoculated with either conidial suspensions or mycelium solution of SS003. Our results suggest that T. atroviride SS003 is a promising mycoparasite for controlling Armandii pine blister rust. “
“Melia azedarach var. japonica trees with leaf yellowing, small leaves and witches’ broom were observed for the first time in Korea. A phytoplasma from the symptomatic leaves was identified based on the 16Sr DNA sequence as a member of aster yellows group, ribosomal subgroup 16SrI-B. Sequence analyses of more variable regions such

as 16S–23S intergenic spacer region, secY gene, ribosomal protein (rp) operon and tuf gene showed 99.5−100% nucleotide identity to several GenBank sequences of group 16SrI phytoplasmas. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the Melia azedarach witches’ broom phytoplasma belongs to aster yellows group. “
“We investigated the effect of 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ) on induced resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae in rice. DMBQ concentrations greater than 50 μg/ml inhibited spore germination and appressorium formation in M. oryzae. When rice leaves pretreated with 10 μg/ml DMBQ, which did not show antifungal activity against spore germination and appressorium formation of M. oryzae, were inoculated with M.