Diff-Quik staining was performed on cytospin samples. BMM marker expression was analyzed by flow cytometry (FACSCalibur, Becton and Dickinson). Cells were stained using the following preconjugated antibodies: F4/80, CD11b (eBiosciences), Ly-6G (Biolegend), Ly-6C, CD3 and CD19 (BD Pharmingen) with appropriate isotype controls. For phenotypic comparison, naïve BMMs were classically activated (M1) by overnight stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (Sigma, 50 ng/mL) and interferon-γ (Peprotech, 20 ng/mL) or alternatively activated (M2) with interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 (both Peprotech, 20 ng/mL).5 Wildtype mice were supplied by Harlan (UK) and housed in a

sterile animal Selleck Dabrafenib facility with a 12-hour dark/light cycle and free access to food and water. All animal experiments were carried out under procedural and ethical guidelines of the British Home Office. Advanced liver fibrosis was induced in adult female mice over a 10- week period by twice weekly intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 0.75

mL/kg carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) dissolved in sterile olive oil. One day after the 12th CCl4 injection (6 weeks), mice from the same cohort were randomly allocated to receive either cell or control medium injections via the hepatic portal vein (HPV). Candidate cells from age- and strain-matched mice were suspended in 0.1 mL of DMEM. CCl4 administration continued for a further 4 weeks. The HPV was accessed by midline laparotomy using aseptic technique. Anesthesia was induced

using 1 mg/kg medetomidine and 76 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally MCE公司 (IP) and reversed with 1 mg/kg atipamezole subcutaneously Ivacaftor (SC). Then 22.5 μg/kg buprenorphine (SC) was given as analgesia. The following candidate cell types were tested: (1) 1 × 106 unfractionated whole BM cells were given to syngeneic fibrotic C57Bl/6 mice (n = 6, control n = 6). (2) 1 × 106 differentiated BMMs physically disrupted by sonication were given to syngeneic fibrotic C57Bl/6 mice (n = 7, control n = 6) to test whether intact, live BMMs were required for therapeutic effect. BMMs were sonicated twice for 10 seconds at 50% power using a Bandelin sonicator (Bandelin). (3) 1 × 106 macrophage precursor cells sorted from the BM of MacGreen mice14 on a Balb-c background were given to fibrotic Balb-c mice (n = 7, control n = 6). (4) 1 × 106 differentiated wildtype BMMs were given to syngeneic fibrotic C57Bl/6 mice (n = 7, control n = 6). As no male donor BMMs were detected 4 weeks after BMM delivery, donor cells were also tracked by an independent method. BMMs were derived from the BM of constitutively GFP+ mice (TgTP6.3 tau-GFP mice on a CBA/Ca background17) using the same 7-day macrophage differentiation protocol as for wildtype BMMs. The 7 × 106 GFP+ BMMs were given to fibrotic wildtype CBA mice (n = 7, control n = 8). BMM engraftment was transient; therefore, we examined the early effects of BMMs on fibrotic C57Bl/6 mice.