aeruginosa has been shown to inhibit adhesion and cause detachment of S. epidermidis from surfaces (Rodrigues et al., 2006), suggesting that such molecules may also represent candidates for mediating the effects seen in this study. Further studies are required to determine whether or not this is the case. In conclusion, we have shown that strains of P. aeruginosa vary see more in their

ability to affect biofilm formation by S. epidermidis and that the strain with the greatest effect appeared to lack the production of the classical virulence factors. In infections where both species are present, the outcome over time is likely to be highly influenced by the phenotype of the strains involved. We thank Agnethe Henriksson, Ulrika Troedsson and Madeleine Blomqvist for excellent technical support. We wish to express our gratitude to Professor David Beighton, KCL Dental Institute, London, UK, for

sequencing of staphylococcal strains. The reporter strain C. violaceum CV026 was a kind gift from Professor Peter Greenberg, Ku 0059436 University of Washington, USA. This study was financially supported by the Knowledge Foundation and the Crafoord Foundation, Sweden. “
“Citation Heilmann L, Schorsch M, Hahn T. CD3− CD56+ CD16+ Natural killer cells and improvement of pregnancy outcome in IVF/ICSI failure after additional IVIG-treatment. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 263–265 Problem  The purpose of this retrospective, observational study was to investigate whether additional treatment with intravenous immunglobulin (IVIG) increased the rate of successful pregnancies after repeated implantation failure (RIF). The retrospective data were compared with data of patients without IVIG-therapy from the meta-analysis of Clark et al. Method of study  A total of 188 women with 226 treatment cycles between 2007 and 2009 were evaluated for IVIG therapy. The percentage of NK cells was measured two times before a new embryo transfer (only women with NK cell percentages >12% were included) and after

embryo transfer at a positive pregnancy test. Results  In comparison with the meta-analysis of Clark et al., we observed a Idoxuridine pregnancy rate of 50.5%, an implantation rate of 21% and a miscarriage rate of 16.8%. In 42%/IVIG- patient or 34.9%/embryo transfer, we observed a live born baby. The live born rate per embryo was 16.6%. In accordance with the study of Kwak et al., we indicate a decrease in the NK cells in patients with improved pregnancy outcome. Conclusion  In a subgroup of RIF-patients with high level of CD56+ CD16+ NK-cells the additional application of IVIG leads to a favourable pregnancy outcome. “
“Ro52 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with a prominent regulatory role in inflammation. The protein is a common target of circulating autoantibodies in rheumatic autoimmune diseases, particularly Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). In this study we aimed to investigate the expression of the SS target autoantigen Ro52 in salivary glands of patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS).