Cheng’s study reported that leucine deficiency increased triglyceride lipolysis, leading to increased fat mobilization via cAMP-PKA-HSL in white adipose tissue [13]. This was supported by the results of upregulation of AdrB3 expression, of AdrB3, the main isoform of β-adrenoceptors in the adipose tissue [13]. Together with the effects on energy expenditure (EE) enhancement in brown adipose tissue and lipogenesis suppression, the leucine

Emricasan nmr deficiency contributed to fatty acid mobilization, resulting in increased fat loss. Cashew apple is a product of cashew nut manufacturing. It is popularly consumed in the form of juice which comprises many nutritional components, including vitamin C and BCAAs [14, 15]. For this study it was hypothesized that cashew apple juice (CAJ) would further find more enhance fat oxidation during high-intensity exercise, adding to the effects of training. Therefore, the effect of CAJ supplementation on substrate utilization during high-intensity exercise in trained and untrained subjects was investigated. Materials and methods Participants Ten trained and ten untrained men ages 23 to 33 years old participated in this study. Trained participants performed regular exercise of at least 60 minutes of moderate exercise/day, 5 days/week. They were informed of their role in this study both verbally and in writing before

signing a consent form to participate. The consent form was approved by the Human Ethical Committee of Khon Kaen University (HE531365) in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. Subjects partook in a preliminary screening of their blood chemistry and completed www.selleckchem.com/products/BIRB-796-(Doramapimod).html health questionnaires and physical examinations before enrolling in the study. None of the subjects was a smoker or had cardiovascular, renal, neuromuscular, orthopedic, or liver disease. Power calculation The sample size of this study was calculated by the WINPEPI program by using

the study of Johnston and coworkers from 2006, which reported that marginal vitamin C was associated with fat oxidation rate Rebamipide at rest and during submaximal exercise. It was decided to require 80% power at a significance level of 0.05. Thus, the proposed size was 10 subjects per group and the expected SD was 0.46 kcal/kgBM. Study design The present research was a placebo (PLA)-controlled randomized crossover investigation. Subjects were blinded as to the composition of the CAJ and PLA or which supplement they were on at which times. Preparation of CAJ and PLA The CAJ was provided by the Srisupphaluck Orchid Co., Ltd., Phuket, Thailand. They have been a well-known trader of cashew product for over 50 years. The CAJ consisted of vitamin C (3.36 mg/100 g), leucine (1.64 mg/100 g), isoleucine (3.04 mg/100 g), and valine (0.19 mg/100 g) and had a a total sugar content of 69.8 g/100 mL as measured by the Central Laboratory (Thailand) Co. Ltd., Thailand. The PLA was prepared with a total sugar content equal to that of the CAJ.