In the presence of nutrients (germinants) spores may germinate and grow out into vegetative cells which can multiply in the absence of competing microflora [18, 19]. Germination can be further accelerated by external stress such as a short, sublethal heat step (usually at 65–95°C) [20–22]. This phenomenon, known as “activation”, is utilized in the “double heat treatment” (a modified tyndallisation), a decontamination strategy where spores that are activated in the primary heat step can be inactivated or killed as germs in the secondary heat treatment [23]. Recent publications have provided new insight into the

complexity of spore germination [20, 24, 25]. The observed diversity in germination between and within populations S63845 price makes spore behavior prediction challenging [26] and might explain why spore decontamination strategies sometimes fail. Dorsomorphin solubility dmso Detecting strains with increased potential of causing food spoilage would therefore be of great value to the food industry. Several molecular typing methods have been applied in order to characterize the population structure within B. licheniformis[27–30]. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) has the advantage to other molecular typing methods of being unambiguous and easily portable between laboratories [31]. It has been applied to numerous species including members of the B. cereus family and Clostridium spp.

[32–36] and has been used for epidemiological purposes identifying strains that could cause human infections [37, 38]. Basically, it p38 MAPK inhibitor relies on the sequence of several (usually six to eight) conserved house-keeping genes which are independently distributed in the genome. The method is therefore considered to be robust, discriminatory and capable of revealing the deeper evolutionary relation of populations

all that are studied [39, 40]. No MLST scheme has so far been developed for B. licheniformis. The purpose of this study was to establish a MLST scheme for B. licheniformis in order to reveal the evolutionary relationship of 53 strains of this species and to see whether food-contaminating strains were restricted to certain lineages. Methods MLST analysis of B. licheniformis Strains 53 strains of B. licheniformis were included in this study. The strains represent various sources, including food, environmental and clinical strains (Figure  1) and were obtained from NVH (Norwegian School of Veterinary Science), CCUG (Culture Collection University of Göteborg, Sweden) and LMG (Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, Belgium). The “F” strains were a kind gift from M. Anderson and M. Salkinoja-Salonen (University of Helsinki, Finland). Figure 1 MLST (Multi Locus Sequence Typing) analysis of B. licheniformis. The phylogenetic tree was generated in Bionumerics v 6.