3, p < 0.001) and male gender (OR = 1.8, CHIR98014 cell line p = 0.001) were significant independent risk factors for hospitalization. Similarly, multivariate analysis of isolates with known site of isolation (768/795, 97%) showed a significant association between rPBP3 and eye infection (OR = 2.1, p = 0.003) but no association with other localizations. Information
about STs was available for study isolates only and thus not included in the regression analysis. The eight most prevalent STs were highly diverse with respect to resistance genotypes and clinical characteristics (Table 5). There was no correlation between rPBP3 proportions and hospitalization rates in the various STs. Three STs, two of which consisting entirely of rPBP3 isolates (ST396 and ST201) were significantly associated with eye infection (p < 0.05). ST396 was also significantly Lenvatinib in vivo associated with the age group 0–3 yrs (p = 0.004). Beta-lactam STAT inhibitor susceptibility Median MICs (MIC50) were generally ≥2 dilution steps higher in group II rPBP3 isolates than in sPBP3 isolates (Table 6). The single group III high-rPBP3 isolate had MICs ≥2 steps higher than MIC50 in group II isolates. MIC50 for cefotaxime differed
slightly between isolates with PBP3 types A (0.03 mg/L), B (0.016 mg/L) and D (0.06 mg/L). There were otherwise no significant differences (within ±1 dilution step) between MIC50 in various PBP3 ZD1839 nmr types, nor between sPBP3 isolates in the two study groups. Table 6 Beta-lactam susceptibility according to PBP3 resistance genotypes Study groupsa Resistance genotypesb n MIC50/MIC90 (mg/L) and susceptibility categorization (%)c AMPc AMCc PIPc CXM CTX MEM Resistant group High-rPBP3 Group III 1 8/- 16/- 0.06/- >16/- 0.25/-
1/- (0/100) (0/100) (0/0/100) (0/100) (0/100/0) Group III-like 2 2/4 8/16 0.06/0.12 >16/>16 0.06/0.12 0.03/0.03 (0/100) (0/100) (0/0/100) (100/0) (100/0/0) Low-rPBP3 Group II 111 2/4 4/8 0.03/0.06 8/8 0.03/0.12 0.12/0.5 (40/60) (45/55) (33/11/56) (94/6) (80/20/0) Group I 2 0.5/1 0.25/1 0.03/0.06 0.5/16 0.06/0.25 0.016/0.06 (100/0) (100/0) (50/0/50) (50/50) (100/0/0) sPBP3 60 0.25/0.5 0.5/2 0.004/0.03 1/8 0.008/0.06 0.03/0.12 (98/2) (98/2) (74/13/13) (98/2) (100/0/0) Susceptible group sPBP3 19 0.12/0.5 0.5/2 0.004/0.06 0.5/8 0.004/0.03 0.03/0.12 (100/0) (95/5) (79/11/11) (100/0) (100/0/0) aSee Figure 1. bSee Table 1. cMICs (microbroth dilution) and susceptibility categorization (S/R or S/I/R) according to EUCAST clinical breakpoints [37]. The following breakpoints were used (S≤/R>): Ampicillin (AMP), 1/1; amoxicillin (AMC), 2/2; cefuroxime (CXM), 1/2; cefotaxime (CTX), 0.12/0.12; meropenem (MEM), 0.25/1. Clinical breakpoints for piperacillin and piperacillin-tazobactam are not set by EUCAST. Meningitis breakpoints were used for categorization of meropenem.