96, 97 In selected patients with INCPH (e.g., abdominal discomfort or hypersplenism patients), these interventions can be regarded as effective therapeutic modalities. Based on the high prevalence of thrombophilia and incidence of portal vein thrombosis in INCPH patients, several investigators

have incriminated thrombosis of small intrahepatic portal veins as an important etiological factor in the development of this disorder.6, 30 Additionally, a trend toward poor prognosis has been reported in patients with INCPH who develop portal vein thrombosis.6 As a result, anticoagulation therapy has been proposed by selleck compound several investigators to prevent disease progression and to maintain portal vein patency.6, 32, 98 However, considering the fact that gastrointestinal selleck inhibitor bleeding is the main complication of INCPH and the uncertain role of thrombophilia in the pathogenesis, this treatment is still a matter of debate and cannot be generally implicated until more solid data are present. Nonetheless, we believe that anticoagulation therapy must be considered in patients

with underlying prothrombotic conditions and in patients who develop portal vein thrombosis. Generally, patients with isolated INCPH have a normal liver function and the complications of portal hypertension can be managed successfully with endoscopic therapy and shunting. However, several reports describing liver transplantation in patients with INCPH have been published. The reported indications requiring liver transplantation in these patients were medical unmanageable portal hypertension, hepatopulmonary syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, and progressive medchemexpress hepatic failure.49, 63, 78 Recently, Karsinskas et al. described a small cohort of INCPH patients treated with liver transplantation.63 The main indication for liver transplantation was medically unmanageable severe portal hypertension; a minority was listed because of hepatic encephalopathy. Notwithstanding the fact that resistant bleeding in INCPH patients should be treated with portosystemic shunting before considering the option of

liver transplantation, only two patients underwent pretransplantation portosystemic shunting procedures (e.g., TIPS and mesocaval shunt). Presumably, the high frequency of cirrhosis misdiagnoses in these patients led to early referral for liver transplantation. To prevent unnecessary liver transplantation in these patients, early discrimination between cirrhosis and INCPH is extremely important. Based on small-sized cohorts (with limited follow-up), post-transplantation outcome in these patients is good and INCPH tends not to recur.63, 99, 100 Data on the etiology and management of INCPH are scarce, and currently applied diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms are based on personal experience or data from limited numbers of patients.