Age differences in the perception of emotional expressions showed positivity effects, especially for ambiguous facial expressions. These effects were related to time perspective rather than to age per se. The understanding of the positivity effect in older adults needs to consider the proposed
causal role of limited time perspective rather than assuming positivity effects in all older adults.”
“Retinal bipolar cells and ganglion cells are known learn more to possess voltage-gated T-type Ca2+ channels. Previous electrophysiological recording studies suggested that there is differential expression of different T-type Ca2+ channel alpha 1 subunits among bipolar cells. The detailed expression patterns of the individual T-type Ca2+ channel subunits in the retina, however, remain unknown. In this study, we examined the expression of the Ca(V)3.2 Ca2+ channel alpha 1, subunit in the mouse retina using immunohistochemical analysis and patch-clamp recordings together with a Ca(V)3.2 knock out (KO) mouse line. The specificity of a Ca(V)3.2 Ca2+ channel antibody was first confirmed in recombinant T-type Ca2+ channels expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and in Ca(V)3.2 KO mice. Our immunohistochemical analysis indicates that the Ca(V)3.2 antibody labels a this website subgroup of type-3 cone bipolar cells (CBCs), the PKA beta II-immunopositive type-3 CBCs. The labeling was observed throughout the cell including dendrites and axon
terminals. Our patch-clamp
recording results further Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase demonstrate that Ca(V)3.2 Ca2+ channels contribute to the T-type Ca2+ current in a subpopulation of type-3 CBCs. The findings of this study provide new insights into understanding the functional roles of T-type Ca2+ channels in retinal processing. (C) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder in childhood, with an estimated prevalence worldwide of 7%-17% among school-aged children. Modafinil is a centrally acting agent that is structurally and pharmacologically different from stimulants such as amphetamine and methylphenidate. It has been reported that modafinil is effective in diminishing the symptoms of ADHD. The aim of the present study was to further evaluate, under double-blind and placebo-con trolled conditions, the efficacy of modafinil for ADHD in children and adolescents. Patients were 46 outpatients, children (35 boys and 11 girls) between the ages of 6 and 15 who clearly met the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for ADHD. All study subjects were randomly assigned to receive treatment with modafinil in a film-coated tablet, 200-300 mg/day, depending on weight (200 mg/day for <30 kg and 300 mg/day for >30 kg) (group 1) or placebo (group 2) for a 6-week double-blind, randomized clinical trial. The principal outcome measure was the Teacher and Parent ADHD Rating Scale-IV.