Bancroft JD, Stevens A: Theory and practice of histological techniques. 4th edition. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1996. Competing interests The authors have selleck compound declared no competing interests. Authors’ contributions ADP performed all the experiments. KMF carried out the histological analysis. RSD and ASR participated in the collection of immunological data. LLO, CAN and SOP participated in the analysis and interpretation of data. ADP, HCM and SOP participated in the

design of the study. ADP and HCM prepared the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Lactococcus lactis – a low-GC Gram-positive model organism, found frequently in both dairy and non-dairy [1] environments, has been extensively studied due to its industrial importance. Major focus of these studies has been on dairy isolates, of which the genomes of three isolates have been sequenced [2–4]. Plant isolates compared to dairy isolates show higher stress-tolerance and have more extensive fermentative abilities [5]. Due to their larger genetic and metabolic repertoire

non-dairy isolates of L. lactis are therefore of interest in dairy food fermentation [6]. Strains used JNK-IN-8 price in dairy starter cultures have presumably evolved from plant strains, where some metabolic capabilities were lost in order to adapt to dairy environments [7]. Recently, the genome of ssp. lactis strain KF147 was fully sequenced [8] and that of strain KF282 was partially sequenced [9]. These two plant L. lactis isolates were Pictilisib research buy reported to possess many genes related to uptake of plant cell-wall degradation products such as arabinose and xylose [9]. Many genes present in these two isolates are new and do not have homologs in the three L. lactis strains IL1403, MG1363 and SK11 of dairy origin [9]. Recently, the genomes of several other L. lactis strains have also been fully

sequenced [10–13]. Furthermore, many L. lactis strains were reported to have plasmids, enriching the genotypic and phenotypic repertoire of this species [3, 14]. L. lactis strains isolated from different niches have been reported to have high genomic sequence divergence Idoxuridine [15–17], also at the subspecies level [18]. Their gene content partly reflects their phenotypic properties such as niche adaptation [9, 16, 18]. In general, genomic and phenotypic properties of strains have been studied separately [19, 20], and less frequently possible relations between genes and phenotypes have been studied [21]. Integrative genotype-phenotype matching would facilitate identifying genetic markers relevant for the manifestation of a phenotype. We therefore used an iterative gene selection procedure coined PhenoLink [22] to more accurately determine gene to phenotype relations of 38 L. lactis strains from 3 different subspecies: ssp. lactis, ssp. cremoris and ssp. hordniae (see Table 1). This allowed identifying novel gene-phenotype relations as well as confirming previously reported relations.