Eleven remitted (previously depressed) patients were awake with eyes-closed during seven-minute resting scans with 0.5 s(-1) sampling. BOLD signal time-series data were frequency-filtered using wavelet transforms, yielding three octave-width frequency bands from 0.25 to 0.03 s(-1) and an unbounded band below 0.03 s(-1). Spectral power, reflecting signal information, increased in pontine raphe at high frequencies (0.25 to 0.125 s(-1)) during AID (compared to control, balanced, diet, P<0.004) but was unchanged at other frequencies. Functional connectivity, the correlation between time-series data from pairs of regions, weakened between

pontine raphe and anterior thalamus at low frequencies during AID (P<0.05). This preliminarily supports using fMRI selleckchem time-series features to assess pontine raphe function. Whether, and how, high frequency activity oscillations interfere with low frequency this website signaling requires further study. (C) 2010

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“BackgroundWhole-exome sequencing is a diagnostic approach for the identification of molecular defects in patients with suspected genetic disorders.

MethodsWe developed technical, bioinformatic, interpretive, and validation pipelines for whole-exome sequencing in a certified clinical laboratory to identify sequence variants underlying disease phenotypes in patients.

ResultsWe present data on the first 250 probands for whom referring physicians ordered whole-exome sequencing.

Patients presented with a range of phenotypes suggesting potential genetic causes. Approximately 80% were children with neurologic phenotypes. Insurance coverage was similar to that for established genetic tests. We identified 86 mutated alleles that were highly likely to be causative in 62 of the 250 patients, achieving a 25% molecular diagnostic rate (95% confidence interval, 20 to 31). Among the 62 patients, 33 had autosomal dominant disease, 16 had autosomal recessive disease, and 9 had X-linked disease. A total of 4 probands received two nonoverlapping molecular diagnoses, which potentially challenged the clinical diagnosis that had been made on the basis of history and physical examination. A total of 83% of the autosomal dominant mutant alleles and 40% of Crenigacestat in vitro the X-linked mutant alleles occurred de novo. Recurrent clinical phenotypes occurred in patients with mutations that were highly likely to be causative in the same genes and in different genes responsible for genetically heterogeneous disorders.

ConclusionsWhole-exome sequencing identified the underlying genetic defect in 25% of consecutive patients referred for evaluation of a possible genetic condition. (Funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute.)”
“Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs) can cause lethal hemorrhagic disease in both African and Asian elephants.