Separate groups of controls and defeated MI-503 molecular weight rats were examined for self-administration of heroin (experiment 1), a heroin-cocaine combination (experiment 2), or cocaine (experiment 3). Drug self-administration patterns were evaluated using fixed or progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement during limited access sessions or a 24-h unlimited access binge.
Rats with a history of intermittent social defeat stress showed sensitized locomotor behavior when challenged with heroin or cocaine relative to controls. During the 24-h binge session, defeated rats escalated cocaine-taking behavior (ca. 110 mg/kg vs. 66 mg/kg in controls), persisted in self-administering
cocaine or the heroin-cocaine mixture for more hours, and showed a tendency for increased heroin-cocaine intake, but no effects on heroin taking.
A history of social defeat stress seems to preferentially promote escalated intake of cocaine but not heroin, unless a heroin-cocaine combination is available.”
“Background/Aims: Patients with a failed kidney transplant represent a unique, high-risk chronic kidney disease population that is increasing in number, and may be sub-optimally managed. Our aim was to compare the
survival of patients with failed allografts to patients with native kidney failure and to assess whether their survival is affected by the graft resection. Methods: Kaplan-Meier and Cox-regression survival analyses Stem Cells inhibitor were performed on the data of 57 patients with graft failure and of 123 transplant-naive haemodialysed patients. Results: After adjustment for age and gender, there was no statistically significant difference in the mortality of patients
in the two groups. The 43 patients, who had a transplanted kidney nephrectomy selleck had a statistically not significant survival benefit over non-nephrectomised patients (age and gender adjusted hazard ratio: 0.56 95 % confidence interval: 0.24-1.58, p-value: 0.18). Conclusion: Elective graft resection is a safe, effective alternative for both the treatment and the prevention of the chronic inflammatory state associated with a failed kidney transplant. Copyright (C) 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“By means of t-pattern analysis, it has been observed that the different events, characterizing rat behavior in hole board (HB), present close interrelationships which occur sequentially and with significant constraints on the interval lengths separating them.
The aim of present research was to study, by means of descriptive and multivariate t-pattern analyses, the effects of the reference anxiolytic drug diazepam (DZP) on temporal structure of a rat’s anxiety-related behavior in HB.
Fifty-six male Wistar rats were tested for 10 min in HB. Video files, collected for each animal, were coded by means of a software coder, and event log files, generated for each subject, were analyzed by means of a specific software for temporal pattern analysis (t-pattern analysis).