Subsequently, DEPs were classified according to COG function category. It is clear that the expression of proteins involved in functions such as energy production, metabolism, transcription, translation, posttranslational modification, DNA recombination and repair, cell wall biogenesis and signal transduction mechanisms changed the most (Figure 4B). The enrichment and cluster of DEPs were performed according to Gene Ontology and KEGG Pathways functional analysis. The metabolic and biosynthetic BIIB057 biological processes were found to be different in the mutant (Figure 4C). As to KEGG functions affected in the mutant, significant difference was found in the following pathways: valine, leucine

and isoleucine biosynthesis; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; pyruvate metabolism; galactose metabolism; glycolysis; pentose phosphate pathway; and microbial metabolism in diverse environments (Figure 4D). Figure 4 Comparative proteomic analysis. (A). Protein ratio distribution. The

distribution of average KU55933 research buy value of protein quantification in three repeated experiments is shown. Red: fold change > 1.2, Green: fold change < −1.2. (B). COG function analysis of differentially expressed proteins. (C). KEGG pathways analysis of proteins with different expression (P value <0.05). (D). Gene ontology enrichment analysis of differentially expressed proteins. GO terms of biological process were analysed and significantly enriched catalogues are shown (P-value < 0.01). Integration of transcriptomic and proteomic analysis Most previous studies suggest a weak correlation between mRNA expression and protein expression, which may be due to post-transcriptional regulation of protein synthesis, post-translational modification or experimental errors [38–40]. However, according to the

central dogma of molecular genetics, genetic information is transmitted from DNA to message RNAs that are subsequently translated to proteins [41, 42]. Thus, we integrated the DEFs and DEPs to identify the overlapping genes that are expressed differently in both the transcriptome Vildagliptin and the proteome. One-hundred and two genes were selected (Figure 5A), and those genes with either up-regulated or down-regulated expression at both the mRNA and protein levels were subjected to bioinformatic analysis. The Gene Ontology study indicated that biological processes such as metabolic processes, catabolic processes, biosynthetic processes and translation may be affected in the mutant strain (Figure 5B). Functional PF-01367338 supplier classification according to COG function category indicates that, except for the general function prediction catalogue and the amino acid transport and metabolism catalogue, the genes with the greatest change in expression are classified into the cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis and replication catalogue and the recombination and repair catalogue (Figure 5C). Interestingly, the genetic comparison revealed that gene mutations were identified in dprA and arpU.