The mean pathologic Gleason score was significantly higher in the LN metastasis group (7.5±1.2 vs. 6.4±1.2; P=0.001). While a Gleason score ≤6 was found in 51.2% of the 5-FU chemical structure patients who had no nodal metastasis, it was 7 or more in 82.4% of the positive LN group (0.002). Although all the LN-positive patients had a serum PSA level >4, the mean PSA level was not significantly different between the two groups (P=0.380). Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Discussion In our study, the rate of LN metastasis was 4.7% in patients who underwent RP and it was associated with

pathological staging and Gleason score. The frequency of LNI in our study is in accordance with the previous reports focusing on patients with low-risk prostate cancer. Heidenreich et al.16 reported positive LNs in 5.8% of 499 patients who underwent retropubic RP with extended PLND for clinically localized prostate cancer. Even lower rates of LN metastasis were found in a study by Allaf Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical et al.15 on 4000 RP surgeries: in 3.2% and 1.1% of patients with extended and limited

lymphadenectomy, respectively. These low rates have given rise to debates about the role of PLND as an adjunct of RP in patients with prostate cancer. Although it is currently the most reliable method for LNI diagnosis, recent evidence shows that it is Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical not necessary and is not recommended for low-risk patients with prostate cancer due to the low chance of metastasis. However, it is recommended that at least 10 LNs be dissected for the detection of metastasis and that extended PLND be performed at least for external iliac, obturator, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and hypogastric LNs during RP for patients with high or intermediate risk of prostate cancer.17 Our study demonstrated that LN-positive patients were associated with higher stage (T3) of the disease and higher Gleason score (7 or more) compared with LN-negative patients. Although a significant association was not observed between LNI and PSA level in the present Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical study, LN metastasis was not found among our patients with

prostate cancer with a PSA level ≤4 ng/ml. Similarly, several studies have indicated the association of PSA, clinical Gleason score, and staging with higher risk of LN metastasis.13,18 Conclusion The present study demonstrated that the rate of LN metastasis is low (4.7%). The result indicates that the early diagnosis of prostate cancer is in an acceptable, but not ideal, stage of the disease, which may be due to screening examinations and Sodium butyrate tests. Further studies should be carried out to determine the long-term survival rate of patients with prostate cancer with LN metastasis. Conflict of Interest: None declared.
Background: Pomegranate seed oil and its main constituent, punicic acid, have been shown to decrease plasma glucose and have antioxidant activity. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of pomegranate seed oil on rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus.