We evaluated immunohistochemical expressions of cyclin D1, CDK4 and phosphorylated pRb (p-pRb) in 50 PAs to investigate a role for functional inactivation of pRb associated with cyclin D1/CDK4 overexpression in pituitary tumorigenesis

and to correlate it with clinicopathologic variables. Methods : Fifty human PAs were immunohistochemically stained for cyclin D1, CDK4 and p-pRb (Thr 356). Correlations between their expression and the clinicopathologic characteristics were statistically analyzed. Results: Cyclin Selleckchem GDC941 D1 and CDK4 were overexpressed in 56% and 64%, respectively; pRb was hyperphosphorylated in 64%. Forty one cases (82%) showed one or more of these altered expressions. Overexpressions of cyclin D1 and CDK4 were correlated with functional pRb inactivation. Cyclin D1 overexpression was associated with apoplexy and growth hormone production. Conclusions : Functional inactivation of pRb associated with the cyclin D1/CDK4 overexpression might play a key role in human pituitary tumorigenesis. CDK4 worked in concert with cyclin D1 to hyperphosphorylate pRb. Pituitary apoplexy appeared to be associated

with cyclin D1 overexpression.”
“Background: There is no consensus on the optimum imaging method to use to confirm the diagnosis of true CCI-779 scaphoid fractures among patients with suspected scaphoid fractures. This study tested the null hypothesis that computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have the same diagnostic performance characteristics for the diagnosis of scaphoid fractures.

Methods: Thirty-four consecutive patients with a suspected scaphoid fracture (tenderness of the scaphoid and normal radiographic findings after a fall on the outstretched hand) underwent CT and MRI within ten days after a wrist injury. The reference standard for a true fracture of the scaphoid was six-week follow-up radiographs in four views. A panel including surgeons and radiologists came to a consensus diagnosis for each type of imaging. The images were considered in a randomly ordered, blinded fashion,

independent of the other types of imaging. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy as well as positive and negative predictive values.

Results: The reference standard revealed six true fractures of the scaphoid (prevalence, 18%). CT demonstrated a fracture in five patients (15%), with one false-positive, Sapitinib research buy two false-negative, and four true-positive results. MRI demonstrated a fracture in,seven patients (21%), with three false-positive, two false-negative, and four true-positive results. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 67%, 96%, and 91%, respectively, for CT and 67%, 89%, and 85%, respectively, for MRI. According to the McNemar test for paired binary data, these differences were not significant. The positive predictive value with use of the Bayes formula was 0.76 for CT and 0.54 for MRI. The negative predictive value was 0.94 for CT and 0.