We found that the multidrug resistance gene 1

(MDR1) transporter was responsible for the efflux of Hoechst from SP cells in our MYC-driven model. Accordingly, SP cells and their tumor-initiating http://www.selleckchem.com/products/H-89-dihydrochloride.html subset were more resistant than non-SP cells to chemotherapeutics that are effluxed by MDR1. Conclusion: The oncogenotype of a tumor can promote a specific mechanism of chemoresistance that can contribute to the survival of hepatic CSCs. Under circumstances that promote differentiation of CSCs into more mature tumor cells, the chemoresistance can be quickly lost. Elucidation of the mechanisms that govern chemoresistance in these mouse models may illuminate the genesis of chemoresistance in human liver cancer. (HEPATOLOGY 2012) Liver cancer is the fifth most common and third deadliest cancer in the world.1 Primary liver cancer in adults is usually caused by viral infections or sustained chemical or alcohol exposure.2 Chemotherapy is a standard method of treatment for unresectable tumors, but meta-analysis of chemotherapy has revealed little statistical benefit in 1-year survival rates.3 Understanding how chemoresistance arises in hepatic tumors may lead to improvements in therapy. A major mechanism of chemoresistance in cancers, including those of hepatic origin, is the aberrant expression of ATP binding cassette Enzalutamide (ABC) transporters.4 ABC transporter proteins are composed of a single or multiple sets of transmembrane

domains and nucleotide binding domains.5 Various substrates, including ions, sugars, proteins, metabolites, and hydrophobic drugs are effluxed through the transmembrane domains, whereas the nucleotide binding domains hydrolyze ATP and power Thiamine-diphosphate kinase the efflux. ABC transporters prevent the accumulation of toxic compounds in normal cells. High expression of these proteins can also impair chemotherapy in cancer cells,

including cancer stem cells (CSCs).6 CSCs have been identified in a number of solid cancer models, including liver cancer.7 CSCs are characterized as having enhanced tumor-initiating capabilities compared to other tumor cells.8 Furthermore, these cells are often described as maintaining markers and molecular properties similar to undifferentiated adult stem or progenitor cells for the tissue of origin. Notable surface markers for hepatic CSCs that were previously identified in hepatic progenitor cells include CD90, CD44, CD133, and EpCAM.9-12 Metabolic markers such as aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity have also been associated with hepatic CSCs.13 CSCs frequently display enhanced chemoresistance, which may contribute to the survival of tumor-initiating cells and the recurrence of tumors following chemotherapy.7 One approach to identify CSCs exploits enhanced chemoresistance through fractionation of cancer cells based on the efflux of Hoechst 33342.6 Subsets of cells that efflux Hoechst 33342 at a greater rate than the rest of the cell population can by identified by flow cytometry as a poorly stained side population (SP) of cells.