94±0.52 g/dL; P<0.038). The rate of BMI≥28 kg/m2 was significantly higher in the HIV-monoinfected group than in the HIV/HCV-coinfected group (21%vs. 4.48%, respectively; P=0.05). All statistical differences between the groups remained significant after controlling for age, gender, CD4 cell count, viral load, injecting of illicit drugs and race, using manova. There

were no significant differences in Regorafenib the use of ART, BMI, haemoglobin, haematocrit or bilirubin between these two groups. Table 1 shows the proportion of patients using alcohol, cigarettes and illicit drugs, including injected drugs, in the two groups. Alcohol was habitually consumed by 54.7% of participants, but there were no significant differences between the two groups in the proportion of participants who used alcohol, either

by answering ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to a question about consuming alcohol (57.9% in the coinfected group answered yes vs. 54.7% in the HIV-monoinfected group; P=0.562) or answering ‘yes’ to a question about consuming >2 alcoholic drinks daily (17.5% in the coinfected group answered yes vs. 12.6% in the HIV-monoinfected group; P=0.367). Cigarette smoking was reported by 83.3% of the participants, with frequent cigarette smoking (>1 pack daily) reported by 70.2%; there was also no difference between the HIV/HCV-coinfected and the HIV-monoinfected groups in the proportion of participants smoking cigarettes. There were no significant differences in use of illicit drugs between the two groups, with the exception of injected drugs. There was a small number of injecting drug users

Selleck Natural Product Library (n=4), and all of them were in the HIV/HCV-coinfected group (P=0.045). We adjusted for this variable in the regression models. Random subsamples of the two groups were selected, one including 40 HIV/HCV-coinfected and the other 38 HIV-monoinfected participants, for more detailed studies. Oxidative stress was represented by the plasma level of MDA. MDA levels were significantly elevated in those with triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL (β=0.47, P=0.0029) compared with those with normal triglyceride levels, and showed a strong, but nonsignificant, trend towards being elevated in those who were obese (BMI≥28 kg/m2; β=0.28, P=0.07) compared with those with BMI<28 kg/m2. Sitaxentan As shown in Table 3, the mean MDA in both the HIV/HCV-coinfected and the HIV-monoinfected groups were higher than the normal reference value of <1.3 nmol/mL. MDA was significantly higher in HIV/HCV-coinfected participants (1.897±0.835 nmol/mL) than in those who were HIV-monoinfected (1.344±0.223 nmol/mL; P=0.006). The HIV/HCV-coinfected group also had significantly lower levels of plasma antioxidants, including vitamin A (39.5±14.1 vs. 52.4±16.2 μg/dL in the monoinfected group; P=0.0004), vitamin E (8.29±2.1 vs. 9.89±4.5 μg/mL, respectively; P=0.043) and plasma zinc (0.61±0.14 vs. 0.67±0.15mg/L, respectively; P=0.016), than the HIV-monoinfected group.