A three-dimensional numerical model, forced with the atmospheric wind and 7 major tidal constituents, was used to model the sea density changes in the vertical at the vicinity of submarine outfall diffuser sections. The four municipal submarine outfalls analysed are located within the model domain, covering the area of Rijeka Bay in Croatia. The relevant details

of effluent plume rise reaching neutral buoyancy stagnation depths are resolved with the use of another numerical model, which takes only near-field process DNA Synthesis inhibitor dynamics into consideration. The study focuses on the summer period, when stable density stratification should retain the effluent plumes below the surface layer. However, the stable summer stratification may be destroyed, primarily because of the cold, dry, strong bora wind, blowing across Rijeka Bay from the NE with an approximately steady speed and direction over a longer period. This kind of atmospheric disturbance disrupts the initial vertical density gradients and could be a cause of increased effluent plume rise towards the sea surface. Stationary wind forcing characterized by a duration of 48 hours with wind speeds of 7.5 and 10 m s−1

was used during the 3D model simulations. Corresponding return periods SP600125 price for each individual situation analysed are assessed from the continuous 28-year data set obtained from the reference anemometer station at Rijeka. The results of numerical Immune system simulations, together with statistical analysis of the wind data, showed that the probability of density mixing in the vertical accompanied by effluent plume rise to the sea surface is extremely low in the period from May to September. The three-dimensional numerical model was verified with sea temperature vertical profiles measured at several stations located within the model domain. The differences between the measured and modelled sea temperatures in the intermediate and bottom layers are most probably due to the presence of bottom freshwater springs with

typical inflow temperatures 10°C lower than in the rest of column. The modelled current fields with stationary wind forcing showed that an increase in wind speed changes not only the vertical structure but also the horizontal current system owing to a deepening of the Ekman layer. The most intense erosion of the initial sea density profile can be expected within the first 12 h due to intense surface cooling and strong vertical velocity gradients between the outgoing surface and incoming compensatory bottom current. Effluent plume rise during the first 48 h with constant wind forcing characterized by speeds of 7.5 and 10 m s−1 is almost the same at the position of submarine outfall L, but significantly different at sites O and MNJ. A continuous wind of 10 m s−1 speed and of 48 hours’ duration will cause the density profiles at sites O and MNJ to mix.