Axon degeneration is thought in other systems to rely on mechanisms distinct from cell body apoptosis (Nikolaev Torin 1 in vitro et al., 2009; Whitmore et al., 2003; Yan et al., 2010). To test whether activation of apoptotic pathways was required for correcting missorted DN axons, we

analyzed axon sorting in the optic tract of p53 morphants ( Figure S2). No missorted DN axons were observed at 72 hpf when p53 was inhibited (MI 0.8%), indicating that correction occurred normally. Similarly, we did not observed any missorting defects after inhibiting caspase-3 or Bax activity (data not shown). These results suggest that specific signaling pathways distinct from apoptotic cascades or acting in parallel are involved in topographic sorting error correction. selleck chemicals We next examined whether neuronal activity in RGCs was required for optic tract sorting by analyzing retinal projections in macho (mao) mutants ( Figure S3). The mao mutant was originally isolated in a screen for motility ( Granato et al., 1996) and is characterized by a lack of voltage-gated Na+ current in RGCs and other neuronal types. As previously reported ( Gnuegge et al., 2001; Trowe et al., 1996), we did not observe any sorting defects in mao (MI 0.9%), indicating that neuronal activity is not required for correcting missorted DN axons along the optic tract. To identify which molecular mechanisms might regulate the degeneration of missorted DN axons, we decided Calpain to

examine optic tract sorting in dackel (dak) mutants ( Trowe et al., 1996). Our previous studies indicated that some DN axons are missorted at 60 hpf and 5 days postfertilization (dpf) in dak as a result of impaired heparan sulfate (HS) synthesis ( Lee et al., 2004). However, it was not clear whether this was due to failure of correcting missorted DN axons at earlier stages. We found that sorting of retinal axons in dak mutants

at 48 hpf was similar to that observed in wild-type (WT) embryos ( Figures 3A and 3A′). Some DN axons elongated along or dorsally to VN axons in the most dorsal part of the tract, and growth cones leading axons were intermingled. As in WT embryos, missorted DN axons were still visible at 54 hpf, elongating along or dorsally to the dorsal branch of the tract (data not shown). However, in contrast to WT embryos, missorted axons were not corrected in dak mutants by 72 hpf ( Figures 3B and 3B′). MIs were comparable at 48, 54, and 72 hpf ( Figure 3E), indicating that the mechanism for correcting missorted DN axons is impaired in dak mutants. If the correction mechanism required for sorting of retinal axons is deficient in dak, we predicted that restoring HS synthesis after axons have grown along the tract should rescue the phenotype. To test this hypothesis, we generated a rescue transgenic line heterozygous for the dak mutation and expressing the WT ext2 gene (mutated in dak) under the control of a heat shock (hsp70l)-inducible promoter.