Infiltrates without cavitation were found on the chest radiographs of the majority of patients with newly diagnosed (57.1%) and relapsed TB (51.4%). Most patients with newly diagnosed TB (63.1%) were treated with category 1 drug regimens (2HRZE(S)/4HR) whereas relapsed (60%) and chronic TB patients (52.8%) were treated with category 2 drug regimens (2HRZES/1HRZE/5HRE). Treatment success (“cure” or “treatment completed”) was achieved in 66.7%, 57.1% and 47.2% of patients with newly diagnosed, relapsed and chronic TB, respectively. Nine chronic TB patients (25.0%) had microscopically AZD3965 concentration positive sputum smears at the end of their treatment course, indicating treatment failure. The median treatment Inhibitor Library in vitro duration

was 7 months in patients with newly diagnosed and relapsed TB and 9 months in those with chronic TB. The concentrations of circulating granulysin in patients with newly diagnosed TB (median ± SE = 1.511 ± 0.287

ng/mL, range 0.560–15.600 ng/mL) and relapsed TB (median ± SE = 1.458 ± 0.329 ng/mL, range 0.403–8.110 ng/mL) were significantly lower than those of healthy controls (median ± SE = 2.470 ± 0.186 ng/mL, range 0.662–5.055 ng/mL) (P < 0.001, r=−3.816 and P= 0.004, r=−2.853, respectively). Patients with chronic TB (median ± SE = 1.917 ± 0.264 ng/mL, range 0.549–6.970 ng/mL) had lower granulysin concentrations than controls, this difference not being significant (P= 0.442, r=−0.769). Median concentrations Silibinin of granulysin were similar

in patients with newly diagnosed and relapsed TB, but both were significantly lower than in chronic TB (P= 0.003, r=−2.967 and P= 0.022, r=−2.294, respectively) (Fig. 1). Granulysin production in PBMCs stimulated in vitro with PPD and H37Ra were measured in 46 patients with newly diagnosed, 21 with relapsed and 8 with chronic TB. Granulysin production by newly diagnosed TB-PBMCs stimulated in vitro with PPD (median ± SE = 0.796 ± 0.071 ng/mL, range 0.208–2.196 ng/mL) and H37Ra (median ± SE = 0.976 ± 0.065 ng/mL, range 0.246–1.823 ng/ml) were significantly higher than those of healthy controls stimulated in vitro with PPD (median ± SE = 0.359 ± 0.073 ng/mL, range 0.283–0.591 ng/mL), and H37Ra (median ± SE = 0.348 ± 0.056 ng/mL, range 0.320–0.559 ng/mL) (P= 0.022, r=−2.289 and P= 0.032, r=−2.146, respectively). Controls were PBMC supernatants from healthy controls without stimulation (median ± SE = 0.262 ± 0.076 ng/mL, range 0.206–0.542 ng/mL) and PBMC supernatants from newly diagnosed TB patients without stimulation (median ± SE = 0.636 ± 0.051 ng/mL, ranged 0.117–1.665 ng/mL). Although granulysin production by relapsed TB-PBMCs stimulated in vitro with PPD (median ± SE = 0.922 ± 0.146 ng/mL, range 0.205–2.374 ng/mL) and H37Ra (median ± SE = 0.841 ± 0.123 ng/mL, range 0.197–2.324 ng/mL) were higher than those of healthy controls, these differences were not significant (P= 0.054, r=−1.