Table 2 summarizes salient characteristics of OLL2809 and L13-Ia. Table 1 Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus gasseri L13-Ia VRT752271 purchase and OLL2809 as determined by diffusion techniques   Inhibition halo (mm ± SD) Microorganisms L13-Ia culture supernatant (μl/disc) OLL2809 culture supernatant (μl/disc) DMSO (μl/disc) Gentamycin (μg/disc) Tetracycline (μg/disc)   5 10 20 5 10 20 20 8 7 B. cereus DSM 4313 4.5 ± 0.5 6.5 ± 0.5 8 ± 0.5 4.5 ± 0.5

6.5 ± 0.15 8 ± 0.35 na 15.3 ± 0.65 9.7 ± 0.7 B. cereus DMS 4384 5 ± 0.0 6.5 ± 0.0 7.5 ± 0.0 4.5 ± 0.15 6.5 ± 0.0 8 ± 0.15 na 15.5 ± 0.0 9.65 ± 0.15 E. coli DMS 8579 na 3.45 ± 0.45 4.65 ± 0.45 na 3.5 ± 0.4 4.6 ± 0.4 na 15.7 ± 0.4 12.7 ± 0.2 Ps. aeruginosa na 4.65 ± 0.15 7.5 ± 0.4 na 4.65 ± 0.2 7.3 ± 0.2 na 5.7 ± 0.2 4.3 ± 0.15 na, no activity. Table 2 Key characteristics of L.gasseri strains used in the study Strain Code Collection Probiotic features References OLL2809 16S rRNA partial gene sequence available in GenBank (accession number AB829518). Meiji Co, Ltd, (Odawara, Japan) Colonization of human gut; activity in reducing IgE-mediated allergy; growth inhibition of pathogenic species. [22], this issue L13-Ia 16S rRNA partial gene sequence available in GenBank (accession CYT387 number KF934204). ISPA-CNR (Italy) Survival to gastric and pancreatic juice treatments; resistance to bile salts; growth inhibition of pathogenic species.

[23], this issue Differential effects of L. gasseri strains on mature DCs Intestinal DCs are able to directly sample luminal antigens by extruding dendrites between epithelial cells [3, 29]. To reproduce this interaction in vitro, we pulsed bone marrow-derived DCs (≥ 80% CD11c+) with LPS to obtain mature DCs (mDCs). Maturation was characterized by an increase in CD11b+CD11c+DCs (Figure 1A-B). These cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of irradiated L. gasseri. L13-Ia,

but not OLL2809, decreased the number of CD11b CD11c double-positive mDCs (32 and 52%, respectively, Figure 1C-D). LPS treatment also caused ifenprodil an increase in the expression of the CD80 and CD40 costimulatory selleck kinase inhibitor markers (Figure 1E-F). OLL2809, but not L13-Ia, increased the expression of both CD80 and CD40 on mDCs (Figure 1G-H). We next analyzed the effects of irradiated bacteria on the cytokine profile of the DCs. As previously reported [18], LPS induced maturation of DCs derived from this mouse strain and increased the secretion of IL-12 and TNF-α, but not of IL-10 (Figure 2). Notably, in vitro challenge with both bacterial strains dramatically enhanced the expression of all examined cytokines including IL-10, showing significant differences with the positive control (mDCs alone; Figure 2). Figure 1 FACS analysis of BMDCs from B10.M mice. iDCs were subjected to a 6-h LPS pulse to induce maturation. mDCs were then challenged with irradiated L. gasseri OLL2809 or L13-Ia.