These results imply that the species of protozoa available for P. acanthamoebae in the natural environment are limited. Observations from the FISH and TEM analyses support the data obtained from the AIU assays.

The inclusions that formed within P. acanthamoebae following infection of Acanthamoebae were relatively small, when compared with the inclusions which form in epithelial or immune cells infected with pathogenic chlamydiae (25–27). Although the exact reason for selleck chemical this difference is unknown, it is possible that rapid growth and maturation of the bacteria occurred following their uptake into Acanthamoeba. It is well established that formation of inclusions due to infection with pathogenic chlamydiae is seen in a wide variety of mammalian cells regardless of the cell type (28–32). However, there was no evidence of inclusion bodies or growth of P. acanthamoebae in the mammalian cells used in our study. selleck chemicals This result is controversial because previous studies have demonstrated that P. acanthamoebae is able to enter, and multiply within, human pneumocytes, lung fibroblasts and macrophages (19–21). The exact reason for this difference remains unknown, but this contradiction may be associated with

difference in culture conditions or in the traits of the cell lines used. In either case, taken together with the present findings, it is concluded that the host range of P. acanthamoebae is limited, implying that Acanthamoebae is a unique reservoir for the bacteria in nature, and that growth of P. acanthamoebae in phagocytic or non-phagocytic mammalian cells is minimal. Although there one study did show that P. acanthamoebae can induce severe pneumonia in mice (9), it could not be shown whether lung inflammation was caused by stimulation with unknown antigens derived from the bacteria or by bacterial growth in the macrophages or pneumocytes. The P. acanthamoebae Bn9 strain was only used for this

study; other strains were not assessed because of unavailability. Meanwhile, in 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl this study it was found that Protochlamydia, an environmental strain which is related to Parachlamydia and is a stock collection in the authors’ laboratory, could not grow within mammalian cells as well as Parachlamydia (data not shown), supporting the contention that the host range of P. acanthamoebae is limited. In conclusion, these results indicate that the host range of P. acanthamoebae is limited, and that the AIU assay for quantifying the infective progeny of P. acanthamoebae could be a promising tool for monitoring exact numbers of P. acanthamoebae in host cells, comparable to the inclusion-forming unit assays available for chlamydia such as C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci. The method previously established by the present authors is useful for understanding the dynamics of P. acanthamoebae with respect to potential pathogenic behavior in humans.