We prospectively recorded accompanying visual and auditory symptoms in a large cohort of patients with VS and correlated these symptoms with comorbid migraine and typical migraine aura. To assess potential pathophysiological correlates, we further studied brain metabolism in patients with the hypothesis that VS is associated with regional hypermetabolism distinct from previous findings in migraine.[8, 9] Clinical data

of a subgroup of the study population have been previously presented in a report on the detailed phenotype[5] and in Depsipeptide nmr preliminary form.[10, 11] The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (# 11-07270 and # 11-07431) and the radiation safety committee (58605-RU-04-URH) of the University of California, San Francisco. Patients were recruited via advertisements in social media

NVP-BEZ235 ic50 with the support of a self-help group on VS (Eye on Vision Foundation; http://www.eyeonvision.org/). After being contacted by the patient, eligibility was assessed during telephone interviews. After being approached by the patient, verbal consent was obtained and subjects with self-suspected VS underwent a semi-structured telephone interview. The following items were covered during the interview: Demographics (age, gender) and handedness. Patients were asked to describe their current visual symptoms in their own words. Based on that information and additional open questions, a diagnosis of VS was made and associated visual symptoms were recorded as described recently.[10] In brief, VS was defined as dynamic, continuous, tiny dots in the entire visual field (similar to “TV static” or “TV snow”) lasting longer than 3 months (criterion A).[5] Other acetylcholine symptoms were palinopsia (“afterimages” and “trailing” of moving objects),

entopic phenomena (phenomena arising from the structure of the visual system itself including (1) excessive floaters in both eyes; (2) excessive blue field entoptic phenomenon, ie, uncountable little gray/white/black dots or rings shooting over the visual field in both eyes when looking at homogeneous bright surfaces, such as the blue sky; (3) self-light of the eye, ie, colored waves or clouds when closing the eyes in the dark; and (4) spontaneous photopsia, ie, bright flashes of light),[7] photophobia, and nyctalopia (impaired night vision). Due to its high prevalence in subjects with VS,[5] the presence or history of tinnitus was also covered during the interview despite being a non-visual symptom. Headache history was assessed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders – 2nd edition.[6] Migraine aura was only diagnosed when typical features were present, which are unilaterality (homonymous), development over 5 minutes, duration for less than 60 minutes, reversibility, zigzag lines, and scotoma.[4, 6] SPSS (v20, IBM Corp.