These findings potentially have clinical implications for decisions regarding which patients may experience a greater benefit from starting etravirine after prolonged exposure to NNRTI-based failing regimens. However, our interpretation relies on the predictions of

currently available IS which are known to be imperfect. It is possible that the estimates may have varied if an alternative system (e.g. Stanford-HIVDB) had been used [30]. Two studies performed in the USA showed a rate of NNRTI accumulation very similar to ours (approximately 0.35 new NNRTI mutations/year) [31,32]. Two more recent analyses of patients with HIV clade C showed a high level of NNRTI selleck chemicals resistance at the failure of their first ART regimen [33,34]. In one of these analyses, at the detection of viraemia, five (71%) of seven tested patients had NNRTI resistance mutations; this

number increased to eight (89%) of nine patients by 6 months, 11 (78%) of 14 patients by 12 months, and 15 (94%) of 16 patients by 18 months, perhaps Kinase Inhibitor Library cost suggesting a higher rate of accumulation in the population mainly infected with C subtype viruses [34]. However, the difference in virus subtype is likely not to be the only difference between this cohort and that of EuroSIDA. Some limitations of this analysis should be discussed. First, in the absence of adherence data, in order to exclude patients who might have been completely nonadherent, we restricted the analysis to those for whom there was evidence of resistance to at least one of the drugs used at t0. Secondly, it is not possible from our data to establish the most likely reason that patients in EuroSIDA were kept on virologically failing regimens (reasons may have included waiting for the results of a genotypic test, a lack of available options, and patients’ oxyclozanide choice) so selection bias cannot be

ruled out. Further, because standard genotyping can only detect mutations that are well represented in major populations, we cannot rule out the possibility that mutations defined in our analysis as ‘newly detected at t1’ could already have been present at t0 but not detectable in the majority virus, resulting in a possible overestimate of the true rate of NNRTI accumulation. Data obtained from ultra-deep sequencing are not yet available for patients in EuroSIDA. Also, not all participants were tested prior to failing the NNRTI regimen and therefore we could have underestimated the proportion of resistance detected at failure which was caused by transmission of resistant variants. Lastly, our results may only apply to patients with little initial resistance to etravirine but with extensive resistance to nevirapine, efavirenz and other drugs.

Children who had a history of mono or dual NRTI therapy before starting NNRTI-based ART, or who received an NRTI backbone other than zidovudine plus lamivudine or stavudine plus lamivudine, were excluded from the study. Retrospective data collection was performed using a standardized data collection form. Information obtained from medical records included patient demographics, HIV Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention (CDC) clinical classification, history of ART, CD4 cell count and percentage and plasma HIV RNA measurements during DAPT nmr receipt of NNRTI-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and prior to switching to PI-based HAART, and genotypic resistance test results before switching to PI. During the period under study, viral load was not monitored routinely, but generally tested at the time of clinical or immunological failure. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of all sites. The interpretation of mutations was based on the guidelines published by the International AIDS Society (IAS)-USA Drug Resistance Mutations group [13].

For this study, NRTI resistance mutations included M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, and K219Q/E thymidine analogue-associated mutations (TAMs), the Q151M complex, the 69 insertion complex, K65R, L74V, K70E, Y115F and M184V/I. Multi-NRTI resistance was defined as having Dapagliflozin at least four TAMs or the presence of Q151M or the 69 insertion. NNRTI-associated mutations included V90I, A98G, L100I, K101E/H/P, K103N, V106A/M, HCS assay V108I, E138A, V179D/F/T, Y181C/I/V, Y188C/L/H, G190S/A, P225H and M230L. The etravirine-weighted mutation score was calculated according to the importance of the mutations [14]. Four mutations merited a weighting factor of 4: L100I, K101P and Y181C/I. Mutations with a weighting factor of 3 were E138A/G, V179E, G190Q, M230L and K238N. Weighting scores of 2 were assigned to K101E,

V106A, E138K, V179L and Y188L, while mutations at 11 sites had a score of 1: V90I, K101H, V106M, E138Q, V179D/F/M, Y181F, V189I, G190E/T, H221Y, P225H and K238T. A weight mutation score of ≥4 was interpreted as being associated with a significant reduction in etravirine efficacy [12]. Genotypic resistance testing was performed using the TruGene HIV-1 Genotyping system (Visible Genetics, Inc., Toronto, Canada) at five sites, the ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System (Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA) at one site, and an in-house method using Stanford and IAS databases [15] at two sites. Descriptive analyses were performed to describe baseline patient characteristics, using median (interquartile range) and frequencies as appropriate. The proportions of patients with various NRTI- and NNRTI-associated mutations were determined.

At inclusion in the DHCS, baseline characteristics are recorded. Of special interest for the present study, HIV transmission group is recorded in the following categories: men who have sex with men (MSM), heterosexual (HSX), IDU and other/unknown. An individual is recorded as hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive if either an HCV antibody test or HCV RNA test is positive. Data are updated annually with information on antiretroviral treatment, development of opportunistic infections and other AIDS-defining

illnesses and laboratory values, including HIV RNA and CD4 cell count. Individuals living in Denmark aged 16 years or older with a diagnosis of HIV infection at the time of study entry (1 January 1995) or individuals who were diagnosed with HIV infection during the study period were eligible this website as cases for the study, and we aimed to identify up to 19 HIV-uninfected population control individuals who were matched on sex and age to the corresponding case on the Quizartinib manufacturer day of the case’s HIV diagnosis. We identified an average of 18.9 population control individuals per HIV-infected individual. HIV-infected patients were identified from the DHCS. All other individuals were presumed to be

HIV-uninfected. Risk factor information was unavailable for control individuals. Medians and interquartile ranges were determined for age, time since first HIV infection diagnosis, time to SAB and CD4 cell count. For other variables, frequencies were computed. Intergroup baseline characteristics were compared using the χ2 test for dichotomous variables and the Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables. The person-years at risk were counted from 1 January 1995, the date of HIV diagnosis or the date of immigration (whichever came last) until emigration, death or 31 December 2007 (whichever came first). In the analysis of risk factors, individuals were censored after the first episode of SAB identified in the Danish Staphylococcal MTMR9 Database. We computed IRs for three time periods, and stratified by HIV transmission group. To split person-years of observation (PYO) for calculation of IR, we used the Stratify macro created for sas [23].

Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate the overall incidence rate ratio (IRR) for SAB among HIV-infected individuals vs. HIV-uninfected individuals. Poisson regression analysis was also used in a substudy to identify risk factors for the first episode of SAB in HIV-infected individuals only and in HIV-infected individuals stratified by HIV transmission group. In the univariate model we included HIV infection (infected vs. uninfected), gender (male vs. female), age (<30, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59 and ≥60 years as a time-updated variable), calendar time period in intended clusters of 4 years (1995–1998, 1999–2002 and 2003–2007), race (Caucasian vs. non-Caucasian), HIV transmission group (MSM, HSX, IDU and other), latest CD4 count (<100, 100–349 and ≥350 cells/μL as a time-updated variable), ever initiated HAART (yes vs.

To proactively establish a model system to investigate ramoplanin-resistance mechanisms in S. aureus, Target Selective Inhibitor Library mw we subjected the NCTC 8325-4 strain to increasing concentrations of ramoplanin, generating strain RRSA16, which had a significantly decreased susceptibility to ramoplanin (Tables 1 and 2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of ramoplanin resistance in clinical or laboratory settings. Ramoplanin treatment is thought to induce lysis by inhibiting the formation of a new cell wall while autolytic enzymes responsible for cell wall turnover remain active, degrading the cell wall. Degradation of the cell wall leads to lysis caused by turgor pressure. When RRSA16 was exposed

to ramoplanin, rapid lysis did not occur (Fig. 2b), likely contributing to the delayed bactericidal effect (Fig. 1b). The Triton X-100-induced autolysis assay demonstrated that autolytic enzymes had decreased activity in RRSA16 compared with its progenitor strain NCTC 8325-4 (Fig. 4). Both the thickened cell wall layer (Fig. 3) and the decreased activity of autolytic enzymes in RRSA16 likely contribute to the observed loss of lysis following ramoplanin treatment and may contribute to the decreased susceptibility of RRSA16 to ramoplanin. However, it is unlikely that decreased autolytic activity was solely responsible for ramoplanin resistance as the R16-18d strain generated

by passage of RRSA16 for 18 days in drug-free media had autolytic

activity similar to that of NCTC 8325-4 (Fig. 4) while its ramoplanin MIC was approximately four times higher than that of NCTC 8325-4 (Table 2). An interesting finding BMS-907351 chemical structure of this study was that RRSA16 possessed a vancomycin MIC of 9 μg mL−1, a level commensurate with VISA. VISA-type-resistant strains display the phenotypes of a thickened cell wall (Hanaki et al., 1998a, b; Cui et al., 2003; Howden et al., 2006), reduced autolytic activity (Pfeltz et al., 2000; Sieradzki & Tomasz, 2003; Howden et al., 2006), reduced peptidoglycan cross-linking and increased production of soluble N-acyl-d-Ala-d-Ala containing www.selleck.co.jp/products/Decitabine.html peptidoglycan fragments that are ligands for vancomycin (Sieradzki & Tomasz, 1997, 1999; Cui et al., 2003; Sieradzki & Tomasz, 2003; Cui et al., 2006). VISA-type resistance cannot be attributed to the acquisition of a mobile genetic element nor can it be attributed to the mutation of a single gene. Rather, VISA-type resistance arises from multiple mutations in many loci by a gradual adaptive process (Mwangi et al., 2007; Howden et al., 2008; Neoh et al., 2008; Cui et al., 2009). In this study, we have demonstrated that RRSA16 had the VISA phenotypes of reduced autolytic activity (Fig. 4) and a thickened cell wall (Fig. 3). We suspect that increased cell wall material, combined with reduced autolytic enzyme activity, contributed to the increased ramoplanin resistance of RRSA16.

coli. In this work, we demonstrated that the mioC gene has functions related to biofilms, cell aggregation, motility, cell lysis and EPS production. As these physiologies may be important for P. aeruginosa virulence (Vasil & Ochsner, 1999; Shapiro et al., 2002; Rybtke et al., 2011), the mioC gene might be a useful therapeutic target for pathogenic bacteria. This work was supported by the MEST/NRF program (grant # 2009-0076488) to W.P. “
“Pseudomonas aeruginosa responds Selleck Sirolimus to phosphate limitation by inducing the expression of phosphate transport systems, phosphatases, hemolysins and a DNase, many of which are important for virulence. Here we report that under phosphate-limiting

conditions, P. aeruginosa produces a phosphate-free ornithine lipid (OL) as the primary membrane lipid. The olsBA (PA4350-PA4351) genes were highly induced under phosphate-limiting conditions. The production and structure of the OL was confirmed by MS, revealing diagnostic fragment ions and mainly C16 : 0 and C18 : 1 dialkyl chains.

It was shown that olsA is required Selleckchem AG 14699 for production of these lipids and genetic complementation of the olsA∷lux mutant restored OL production. Studies in other bacteria have correlated increased resistance to antimicrobial peptides with the production of OLs. Here it was demonstrated that resistance to antimicrobial peptides increased under phosphate-limiting conditions, but OLs were not required for this increased resistance. OL production was also not required for virulence in the Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. The production of OLs is

a strategy to reduce phosphate utilization in the membrane, but mutants unable to produce OLs have no observable phenotype with respect to growth, antibiotic resistance or virulence. The response to phosphate limitation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is diverse and includes the expression of phosphate acquisition systems, hemolysins, catalase, an alternative type II secretion system phosphatases, phenazines, pyoverdine, PQS and several auxiliary regulatory Phosphoglycerate kinase systems (Ostroff et al., 1989; Hassett et al., 1992; Ball et al., 2002; Lewenza et al., 2005; Jensen et al., 2006; Zaborin et al., 2009). We identified an extracellular DNase that is expressed and secreted under phosphate-limiting conditions and is required for utilizing extracellular DNA as a nutrient source of phosphate (Mulcahy et al., 2010). There is accumulating evidence that phosphate limitation is an environmental challenge faced during an infection and therefore many of the phosphate-regulated virulence factors are likely important in vivo (Frisk et al., 2004). Phosphate limitation occurs as a result of surgical injury to the gastrointestinal tract and leads to the induction of phosphate-regulated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa (Long et al., 2008). Another adaptation to phosphate-limiting conditions is the production of membrane lipids with non-phosphate-containing head groups.

The specificity of the primers and probes was preliminarily assessed using a nucleotide blast (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). One hundred and eleven Fusarium isolates from different geographical origins were used to test the specificity of the TaqMan assays (Table 1). All 35 isolates of F. avenaceum, 15 of F. tricinctum and single closely related isolate of F. acuminatum generated fluorescent signals with the assay specific for the F. avenaceum/F. tricinctum

esyn1 genotype. In the case of an assay specific for F. poae esyn1 genotype, all 22 of F. poae tested isolates generated fluorescent signals. No positive results were recorded for the other nontarget isolates tested. The efficiency PD-0332991 clinical trial of each assay was evaluated in serial analysis by testing fivefold dilutions of genomic DNA extracted from F. avenaceum Screening Library cell assay and F. poae isolates. High amplification efficiency (98.5–99.8%) was achieved for each of the TaqMan assays developed (data not shown). The detection limits and the dynamic range of the TaqMan reactions were deduced from the standard curves for each

of the esyn1 genotypes. The detection limits (CT value=35) for the F. avenaceum/F. tricinctum esyn1 genotype and the F. poae genotype were 19 and 0.3 pg, respectively. The main purpose of this experiment was to reveal the quantities of esyn1 Fusarium genotypes and enniatins levels in grains showing no visible symptoms of FHB. This grain cannot be ignored in terms of seed health or mycotoxin contamination (Yoshida et al., 2007); however, there is little information

about the occurrence of Fusarium spp. and associated mycotoxins in grains with the absence of FDK (Fusarium-damaged kernels). This is especially true in the case of enniatins, which are nowadays detected at the highest prevalence among fusarial toxins at least in certain geographic areas (Jestoi et al., 2004a, b). Previous examination of asymptomatic wheat grain samples revealed that F. poae and F. tricinctum are the most abundant species in such samples, and enniatins were detected MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit at the highest prevalence, although at relatively low concentrations (Kulik & Jestoi, 2009). In this study, the concentrations of enniatins detected in the samples analyzed were low and, especially in samples from 2008, in most cases, below the LOQ. However, it should be emphasized that the impact of regular low-level intake of mycotoxins is likely to be significant, with a number of negative effects on human health (Bryden, 2007). The mean recoveries for enniatins were 60%, 74%, 75% and 86% (for enniatin A, A1, B and B1, respectively). Consequently, low amounts of esyn1 genotypes were quantified using TaqMan assays developed in this study (data not shown). Fusarium avenaceum/F. tricinctum esyn1 genotypes were quantified in 22 samples ranging from 1401 to 32 pg, while the F. poae esyn1 genotype was quantified in 33 samples ranging from 5.1 to 0.3 pg.

Erosion was assessed using UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS, Young People Aged 4–18 years. Volume 2: Report of the Oral Health Survey, 2000) criteria. Associations between caries and dietary variables were investigated through Dinaciclib supplier bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results.  Of the 791 12-year olds, 57.8% (457) had caries experience and 40.8% (323) had experience of erosion.

One hundred and ninety-two subjects (42%) of the subjects with caries experience also had erosion, whilst 131 subjects (39.2%) of the 334 without caries had clinical signs of erosion (P = 0.464; OR, 1.123; 95% CI, 0.842, 1.497). There was no statistically significantly relationship between dental caries and dental erosion. Frequency of consumption of fruit-based sugared drinks was statistically significantly positively associated with experience of caries (P = 0.002). Conclusions.  Dental caries experience was associated with frequency of consumption of sugared dietary items but not with dental erosion. “
“There is no study on the association between oral health education and oral health quality of life (OHQoL). To assess the relationship between oral health education activities integrated into primary care services and OHQoL in adolescents. A retrospective observational survey

was conducted selleck chemical on 300 randomly selected 12–14 years-of-age adolescents living in two publicly funded health service administrative areas in Manaus, Brazil. unless Between 2006 and 2008, dental treatment and oral health education were offered in one area (DT/OHE group), whereas in the other area, only dental treatment was provided (DT group). Collected data included socio-demographic characteristics, health services use, health-related

behaviours, dental pain, dental caries and Child-OIDP. Independent variables were compared between groups by Mann–Whitney and chi-square tests. The association between one or more OIDP (Child-OIDP ≥ 1) and DT group tested using multivariate logistic regression. Caries, use of dental services and health-related behaviours did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). Child-OIDP ≥ 1 was higher in DT group (90.0%) compared with DT/OHE group (79.3%) (P = 0.01). Child-OIDP ≥ 1 was independently associated with DT group [OR = 4.4 (1.1; 17.0)]. Adolescents living in an area where OHE and DT were provided had better OHRQoL than those living in an area where only DT was provided. “
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 146–153 Background.  Mastication is a developing function affected by various factors. There is a need for further research on methods of promoting masticatory function in young children. Aim.  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of gum chewing exercise on the maximum bite force (MBF) and the masticatory performance of preschool children. Design.  The study population included 98 preschool children age 4–6 years.

With regard to our primary endpoint, neither total bilirubin nor ATV status was significantly associated with FMD of the brachial artery. This is consistent with both the study by Flammer et al. and the SABAR (Switch to Atazanavir and Brachial Artery Reactivity) study by Murphy et al., which showed that switching to ATV from another PI, whether boosted with ritonavir or not, did not improve endothelial function measured using FMD after 24 weeks, despite significant improvement in lipid levels [13, 14]. It is conceivable that the effect of a modest increase in bilirubin in this population is masked by the ongoing heightened

inflammation resulting from chronic HIV infection. Indeed, with potent ART, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction do improve [18, 19], but not to LY2109761 normal levels, when compared with HIV-uninfected individuals [2, 19]. Further, participants included in this study did not have extremely elevated total bilirubin levels (median 1.8 mg/dL; IQR 1.1–2.6 mg/dL; minimum 0.3 mg/dL and maximum 5 mg/dL). Although seeing an effect with extreme hyperbilirubinaemia would be mechanistically intriguing, this would have uncertain clinical relevance. Another consideration is that the antioxidant effect of elevated bilirubin was outweighed by the oxidative stress induced by ART [20]. Although a different method for measuring endothelial function

was used, our results are Vorinostat manufacturer incongruent with the study by Dekker et al., in which ATV-induced hyperbilirubinaemia did improve endothelium-dependent vasodilation measured using forearm blood flow response to acetylcholine in participants with type II diabetes mellitus after 3 days [11]. In our study, perhaps an effect would have been seen if FMD had been measured earlier after ATV was initiated [median (IQR) duration on ATV in our study was 28.5 (16.8–47.7) months]. The clinical implication of a solely transient acute effect would also be questionable, however. Another consideration is that endothelial dysfunction is more pronounced in subjects with diabetes mellitus

than in our Thiamet G HIV-infected population and is why an effect was seen in this potentially higher risk group. To better assess whether the degree of endothelial dysfunction played a role in the association between total bilirubin level and FMD in our study, the correlation between total bilirubin level and FMD in those with the lowest FMD (FMD less than the median FMD of 3.3%) was determined. Total bilirubin was not correlated with FMD in this subgroup (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.13; P = 0.38). With regard to our secondary endpoints, neither total bilirubin nor ATV status was associated with markers of inflammation, coagulation or oxidation, with the exception of fibrinogen. Fibrinogen levels were higher among participants taking ATV. This result is consistent with a study by Madden et al., where PI use was associated with elevated fibrinogen levels.

, 2009). Streptococcus mutans is an opportunistic pathogen considered as one of the principle etiological

agents of dental caries. Natural genetic transformation of this bacterium was shown to be modulated by a quorum sensing (QS) signaling system comprised of a ComDE two component signaling system, which responds to a peptide signaling molecule designated the competence stimulating peptide (CSP) (Li et al., 2001). In addition to eliciting the competence phenotype, the CSP signaling pathway also contributes to proper biofilm formation, bacteriocin production and stress Alectinib tolerance in S. mutans (Senadheera & Cvitkovitch, 2008). Intriguingly, the CSP-induced genetic Selleckchem SB431542 transformation pathway also modulates cellular lysis in a fraction of the population in S. mutans cultures (Qi et al., 2005; Perry et al., 2009). Development of genetic competence is directly correlated with activation of an alternate sigma factor, ComX, which depends on ComE activity and that of another regulatory protein, ComR that responds to an internalized signaling peptide called XIP (Mashburn-Warren et al., 2010). Recently, it was demonstrated that ComX was

expressed only in a fraction of the CSP-induced population, which resulted in the bifurcation of the population into fractions undergoing competence or cell death (Mashburn-Warren et al., 2010; Lemme et al., 2011). Although transcriptome analysis has shown the regulation of nearly 240 genes by ComX (Perry et al., 2009), most of these putative “late competence

genes” modulating competence and cell lysis remain uncharacterized to date. Here, we studied a ComX-regulated gene designated the competence induced protein A (cinA) in S. mutans. Recently, Okinaga et al. (2010) showed that the HdrRM system regulated expression of cinA via ComX in S. mutans. While cinA’s putative functions have not been closely examined in S. mutans, in Streptococcus pneumoniae, its ortholog belongs to the ComX-activated “late competence” Etofibrate regulon (Masure et al., 1998; Mortier-Barriere et al., 1998). In pneumococci, cinA is part of the rec locus, which includes recA that facilitates homologous recombination between single- and double-stranded DNA during genetic transformation (Kowalczykowski, 1994; Camerini-Otero & Hsieh, 1995). While CinA in S. pneumoniae was shown to facilitate transport of RecA to the membrane during genetic transformation (Masure et al., 1998), studies in Bacillus subtilis suggested that CinA is not specific to competence, but instead is a nucleoid-associated protein that serves a general role in cells entering stationary phase (Kaimer & Graumann, 2010). Here we report that cinA transcription is modulated by ComX in response to CSP, and that cinA is required for optimal genetic transformation in S. mutans.

By contrast, DLT3829 was predicted to play a role in light sensing and to modulate the virulence of Xcc (under weak light). The four light-signalling components (XC_1036, XC_2324, XC_1476 and XC_3829) were confirmed in virulence assays and showed

that see more Xcc may exhibit modified virulence in response to lighting conditions. PYP, GAF and LOV/PAS domains are structurally similar and involved in cellular signalling, such as light for example. As these are domains with a highly conserved structure, SST-based clustering analysis can play a very crucial role in detecting protein functions, and several functional clusters were obtained by comparison of the SSTs of all these domains (Fig. 1c). Several Xcc PAS domains were predicted to have similar functions to the interior known PAS domains of a cluster, so that cluster I, II and IV domains were predicted to be involved in blue light sensing/signalling, while

two others (marked with pink or red shading in Fig. 1c) were thought to be involved in oxygen and red light signalling, respectively. In this way, several PYP and GAF domains may also be involved in light signalling. A total of 13 PAS proteins of Xcc involved in light signalling were identified with three series of tests Talazoparib in vitro (bacterial growth, virulence and motility) in this study, and five of 13 PAS proteins were GGDEF-characterized proteins (XC_1036, XC_1476, XC_2324, XC_3829 and XC_4313), the c-di-GMP signalling of which has been summarized in previous studies (Chang et al., 2001; Ryan et al., 2007; Hengge, 2009). In addition, GAF domains, which resemble the structure of the PAS domain, are potential light-sensing modules (Ho et al., 2000; Su & Lagarias, 2007) and were found in two (XC_2324 and XC_4313) of 13 PAS proteins, so that both PAS proteins still need to be

detected for functional confirmation of the PAS or GAF domain. XC_2324 was involved in red/far-red and oxygen signalling in the present research and was closely involved in the virulence of Xcc, which was also tested in Ryan’s research (Ryan et al., 2007). In addition, the results of research by Chang and colleagues indicated that binding of molecular oxygen to the PdeA1 of Acetobacter xylinum, which PAS-domain Carteolol HCl structure of the PdeA1 is very similar to XC_2324, modulates its enzymatic activity in cyclic di-GMP degradation (Chang et al., 2001). So, it remains to be determined whether XC_2324 is regulated by red/far-red light or oxygen produced by red/far-red light illumination or both. This work was supported by the Programme for State Key Laboratories, Ministry of Science and Technology of China. C.Z.H. was supported by Start-up Funding of Hainan University. “
“The genus Pycnoporus forms a group of four species known especially for producing high redox potential laccases suitable for white biotechnology.