g. accelerated fetal growth or hydramnios) (diagnosis-group). Methods: A retrospective cohort of 249 patients with GDM treated between 2006 and 2009 were

identified: 74 in the diagnosis-group and 175 in the screening-group. Fetal macrosomia was defined as an abdominal circumference (FAC) >90th percentile at the time of diagnosis of GDM. Large for gestational age (LGA) was defined as a birthweight >90th percentile, corrected for gestational age, parity and sex. Results: GDM was diagnosed 4 weeks later in the diagnosis-group. At diagnosis of GDM, more infants in the diagnosis-group had a FAC >p90 and Fer-1 solubility dmso at birth more infants in this group were LGA. Conclusion: GDM diagnosed by screening is associated with a lower incidence of fetal and neonatal macrosomia than GDM diagnosed by clinical symptoms. A later diagnosis of GDM is more prevalent in presumed low-risk pregnancies. These

results favour a policy of routine screening.”
“SETTING: The tuberculosis (TB) programme in the Sidama zone of southern Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE: To measure excess mortality in successfully treated TB patients.

DESIGN: In a retrospective cohort study of TB patients treated from 1998 to 2006, mortality was used S63845 Apoptosis inhibitor as an outcome measure, and was calculated per 100 person-years of observation (PYO) from the date of completion of treatment to date of interview if the patient was alive, or to date of death. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods were used to determine the survival and hazard ratios. An indirect method of standardisation was used to calculate the standard mortality ratio (SMR).

RESULTS: A total of 725 TB patients were followed for 2602 person-years: 91.1% (659/723) were alive and 8.9% (64/723) had died. The mortality rate

was 2.5% per annum. Sex, Tariquidar price age and occupation were associated with high mortality. More deaths occurred in non-farmers (SMR = 9.95, 95% CI 7.17-12.73).

DISCUSSION: The mortality rate was higher in TB patients than in the general population. More deaths occurred in non-farmers, men and the elderly. Further studies are required to identify the causes of death in these patients.”
“In the present study, three prenatally detected small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) were identified by banding cytogenetics and characterized in detail by molecular cytogenetics. In one case an sSMC(10) leading to a pericentric partial trisomy and in two cases heterochromatic sSMC derived from chromosome 22 were characterized. Outcomes were reportedly normal for two of the three cases for whom this information was known.”
“SETTING: All nine public sector hospitals in three districts of Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate case notifications of children with tuberculosis (TB) and their outcomes.

DESIGN: A retrospective cohort following all children aged <15 years placed on TB treatment under the National TB Control Programme (NTP) in public hospitals.

The structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was primarily based on HRESIMS, IR and 1-D- and 2-D-NMR analyses.”
“Hydrogenation of multicrystalline silicon for solar cell applications is considered to be an CAL101 effective method of increasing the lifetime by passivating defects and impurities. Hydrogen plasma treated as-cut and chemically etched multicrystalline silicon samples have been studied by electron microscopy in order to investigate hydrogen defect formation at extended bulk defects. In chemically

etched samples, the texture of the surface after hydrogen plasma treatment differs between different grains depending on grain orientation. In as-cut samples, hydrogen induced defects are formed on sawing defects that extend up to similar to 5 mu m below the Si surface. Intragranular defects are also observed in the similar to 1 mu m subsurface region. The density of defects is higher in as-cut samples than in chemically etched samples and the size of the defects increases with depth. Hydrogen induced structural defects on

bulk dislocations and on dislocations in twin grain boundaries and stacking faults are found several microns below the sample surface. It is concluded that (i) the passivation efficiency of multicrystalline silicon selleck chemical substrates after H plasma treatment can be limited by the formation of hydrogen induced structural defects and that (ii) such defects can be used to getter unwanted impurities upon high temperature processing of the Si wafers.”
“Background: The etiology of chronic leg ulcers is heterogenous and they exhibit quite different healing rates depending on the underlying cause. Although the prevalence and incidence of CRT0066101 price chronic leg ulcers appear to be increasing, data on these patients in Germany are lacking.

Patients and Methods: Altogether 100 German wound care professionals were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding the diagnosis and etiology of their patients with chronic

leg ulcers.

Results: We received the data on 31,619 patients. In these patients, venous insufficiency was the dominating causative factor in 47.6 % and arterial insufficiency in 14.5 %, 17.6 % of ulcers were due to combined arterial and venous insufficiency. Rarer causes included vasculitis (5.1 %), exogenous factors (3.8 %), pyoderma gangrenosum (3.0 %), infection (1.4 %), neoplasia (1.1 %), calciphylaxis (1.1 %) and drug-induced (1.1 %). The used diagnostic methods used varied widely between the medical and surgical specialties.

Conclusions: Even though the results of our study cannot claim to be a representative overview, they demonstrate clearly that next to known etiologies, e. g. chronic venous insufficiency or peripheral arterial insufficiency, which are relevant in 79.7 % of all patients a multitude of other causes exist, which are responsible in 20.3 % of all patients for the development of chronic leg ulcers.

It is imperative to know the various pathophysiological processes that underlie the causation of DO to select proper management approach.”
“The magnetic properties of annealed Fe84-xSi4B8P4Cux(x=0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5) soft-magnetic alloys prepared by melt-spinning were investigated. In this alloy system, the appropriate addition of the Cu element Repotrectinib ic50 promotes the precipitation of alpha-Fe(Si), as well as inhibits

the precipitation of other phases. The saturation magnetic flux density B-s increases and the coercivity H-c markedly decreases simultaneously with increasing Cu content until x 1.25. The Fe82.75Si4B8P4Cu1.25 alloy annealed at 873 K for 1.8 ks shows a high Bs of 1.83 T and excellent soft-magnetic properties such as a low H-c of 2.1 A/m and a high effect permeability of 31 600. It is found that a 1%-1.25% addition of Cu is effective for the improvement of soft-magnetic properties for the present

alloy system. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3535290]“
“Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by a mixed flora of pathogenic anaerobic bacteria and associated with risks of pathologic conditions. In the present study, therapy with a local antiseptic spray (octenidine hydrochloride/phenoxyethanol, OHP) for 7 or 14 days is compared against the standard local therapy of BV (metronidazole) in a Serbian patient population.

As much as 450 women were treated in groups with either 7 days metronidazole vaginal tablets, 7 days OHP, or 14 days OHP. Control smears were taken after each treatment period.

In total, 63.2% of the women were without indications Fedratinib of BV after therapy (metronidazole: 61.0%, OHP 7 days: 57.6%, and OHP 14 days: 71.0%).

Significantly fewer women were affected from infections after treatment with 14 days OHP compared to OHP for 7 days.

Octenidine hydrochloride/phenoxyethanol spray was as effective selleck compound as the standard therapy with metronidazole. Patients stated that OHP was more comfortable, easier to apply, and side effects were lesser.”
“For many applications, the internal magnetic domain structure of magnetic nanoparticles may play a critical role in the determination of their collective magnetic properties. Here we utilize polarization analyzed small angle neutron scattering (PASANS) to study the individual magnetic morphologies of an interacting aqueous Fe3O4 nanoparticle system. Our results demonstrate that the total magnetic moment of the colloid is randomized, as expected in low fields, while the nuclear structure is anisotropic. Model fits indicate that the magnetic domains within the nanoparticle core at 1.5 mT have dimensions that approximate those of the structural grains perpendicular to the field, but the domains extend over multiple grains along the field direction. The asymmetry in the magnetic domain formation in weak fields undoubtedly contributes to the magnetic anisotropy and thus to the enhanced heating reported for hyperthermia applications of these systems.

The CYP71 clan now represents more than half of all CYPs in higher plants. Such bursts of gene duplication are likely to contribute MK-0518 manufacturer to adaptation to specific niches and to speciation. They also occur, although with lower frequency, in gene families under purifying selection. The CYP complement (CYPomes) of rice and the model grass weed Brachypodium distachyon have been compared to view evolution in a narrower

time window. The results show that evolution of new functions in plant metabolism is a very long-term process. Comparative analysis of the plant CYPomes provides information on the successive steps required for the evolution of land plants, and points to several cases of convergent evolution in plant metabolism. It constitutes a very useful tool for spotting essential functions in plant metabolism and to guide investigations on gene function.”
“1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (CPX) has been shown to stimulate in vitro HM781-36B CFTR activity in a dagger F508 cells. Data from a phase I study demonstrated erratic bioavailability and no measurable clinical response to oral CPX. One cause for its poor bioavailability may have been dissolution rate limited absorption, but there is little published physicochemical data on which to base an analysis. The objective of this study was to determine the solubility and solid-state characteristics of CPX. CPX is a weak acid

with pKa of 9.83 and water solubility at pH 7.0 of 15.6 mu M. Both laureth-23 and poloxamer 407 increased the apparent water solubility linearly with increasing concentrations. CPX exists in two crystal forms, Selleck GW4869 one of which (form II) has been

solved. Form II is a triclinic crystal with space group P1 and calculated density of 1.278 g/cm(3). X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry studies (DSC) indicated that CPX crystals prepared at room temperature were mixtures of forms I and II. DSC results indicated a melting point of approximately 195A degrees C for form I and 198A degrees C for form II. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated no solvent loss upon heating. Dynamic water vapor sorption data indicated no significant water uptake by CPX up to 90% RH. Analysis of the data indicates that CPX may not be amenable to traditional formulation approaches for oral delivery.”
“Acrylic is being used in structural applications because of its higher resistance to projectile impacts. High strain rate shear loading is one of the critical conditions. In the present study, properties of typical acrylic under high strain rate shear loading are presented. Torsional Split Hopkinson Bar apparatus was used for the studies in the shear strain rate range of 290 per sec to 791 per sec. Thin-walled tubular specimens with hexagonal flanges were used for the experimental studies. Details of specimen configuration, data acquisition, and processing are presented. Shear strength is presented as a function of shear strain rate.

The uptake process was found dependent on concentration, pH and ionic strength, and was also spontaneous and exothermic. The desorptionregeneration experimental results indicated a 95% efficiency after five consecutive regeneration cycles. CONCLUSIONS: The quaternization technique was found very effective for developing effective and green anion exchange resins to remove NO3 from water. (c) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry”
“(100)-Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3 (BST) films

were deposited GTPL8918 on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using a low-temperature self-buffered layer. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscope investigations show that the microstructure of BST films strongly depends on surface morphology of annealed self-buffered layer. The mechanism of nucleus formation and the growth initiation of BST films on self-buffered layers were proposed. It was found that the pyroelectric properties of BST films can be greatly enhanced. The pyroelectric coefficient and material merit figure of (100)-BST films are 1.16×10(4) mu C m(-2) K-1 and 2.18×10(-4) Pa-1/2, respectively. The detectivity of 9.4×10(7) cm

Hz(1/2) W-1 was obtained in the Z-VAD-FMK mouse (100)-BST film capacitors thermally isolated by 500 nm SiO2 films.”
“Background: A genetic predisposition for the development of symptomatic lumbar disc disease has been suggested by several twin sibling studies and subsequent genetic marker studies. The purpose of the present study was to define population-based familial clustering among individuals with a diagnosis. of, or treated for, lumbar disc herniation or disc degeneration.

Methods: The Utah Population Database allows analysis of combined health and genealogic data for over one million Utah residents. We used the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, diagnosis codes entered in patient records to identify patients with a diagnosis of either lumbar disc herniation or lumbar disc degeneration and genealogic data. The hypothesis of excess relatedness (familial clustering) was tested with use of the Genealogical Index of Familiality, which compares the average CFTRinh-172 Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor elatedness of affected individuals with

expected population relatedness. Relative risks in relatives were estimated by comparing rates of disease in relatives with expected population rates (estimated from the relatives of matched controls). This methodology has been previously reported for other disease conditions but not for spinal diseases.

Results: The Genealogical Index of Familiality test for 1264 patients with lumbar disc disease showed a significant excess relatedness (p < 0.001). Relative risk in relatives was significantly elevated in both first-degree (relative risk, 4.15; p < 0.001) and third-degree relatives (relative risk, 1.46; p = 0.027).

Conclusions: Excess relatedness of affected individuals and elevated risks to both near and distant relatives was observed, strongly supporting a heritable contribution to the development of symptomatic lumbar disc disease.

“
“Since the introduction of the motile sperm organelle morphology examination, there has been increasing recognition of the fact that the presence of large nuclear vacuoles might have deleterious effects on embryo development. Nevertheless, one fundamental question still being debated is whether specific in-vitro conditions during the handling of semen have an impact on vacuole formation. This study’s objective was to analyse whether incubation Bafilomycin A1 temperature (20, 37

degrees C) or oxidative stress stimulates the formation of nuclear vacuoles. Furthermore, it examined whether vacuoles disappear in the presence of an acrosome reaction inducer. Therefore, a system of sperm-microcapture channels was developed

to permit the observation of the same living spermatozoa over a period of 24 h. Neither incubation at 37 degrees C nor induction of oxidative stress led to de-novo formation of nuclear vacuoles. Induction of the acrosome reaction using calcium ionophore A23587 did not lead to any modifications in the proportion of spermatozoa with vacuoles or to the disappearance of pre-existing vacuoles. According to these observations, it is concluded that nuclear vacuoles on the sperm head are already produced at earlier stages of sperm maturation and are not induced or modulated by routine laboratory environments. (C) 2012, Reproductive Healthcare VX-680 Cell Cycle inhibitor Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose Different surgical techniques for pilonidal disease have been described in the

literature. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the influence of routine cavity drainage in the Karydakis flap technique.

Methods As much as 50 male patients with CAL-101 order pilonidal sinus who underwent the Karydakis flap operation were evaluated prospectively.The patients were assigned randomly into two groups (Group 1 with suction drain; Group 2 fibrin glue).

Results Fluid collection was encountered in 8 out of 50 patients (6.25%): 6 in Group 2 (24%) of which 4 experienced superficial, healed with simple dressing, the other 2 with substantial dehiscence healed with wound dressing; 2 in Group 1 (8%) were treated with wound punctures.There has been no recurrence in any of the patients during the follow-up period.The Karydakis flap operations can be performed with a near zero recurrence rate with the use of drains.

Conclusion We recommend the use of fibrin sealant with Karydakis flap procedure, but further studies are needed to confirm this conclusion.”
“We investigate the spin-dependent shot noise properties of electrons tunneling through fractal semiconductor multilayers (FSMs) sandwiched between two ferromagnets (Fs) with arbitrary relative magnetization direction in the presence of the Rashba spin-orbit interaction and an electric field.

Evidently, the efficient cross-relaxation between Ce3+ and Er3+, i.e., Er3+ : I-4(11/2)+Ce3+:F-2(5/2)-> Er3+:(I13/2Ce3+)-I-4:F-2(7/2) led to the quenching of the upconversion and the enhancing of the desired Er3+ 1.53 mu m emission. Based on the emission and absorption spectra, it was further calculated that the glass ceramic possesses broad bandwidth as that of the ZBLAN glass, and large emission cross-section close to

the silicate glass, for the 1.53 mu m emission. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3525589]“
“A fast pesticide multiresidue analysis method using gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector was investigated for the simultaneous determination of 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.). Samples Blebbistatin were extracted with acetic acid-water-acetonitrile (1:5:94, v/v) and cleaned up by the Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe multiresidue method (QuEChERS). The linearity for 15 OCPs, in the working standard solutions of seven concentration levels between 1 and 100 ng/ml, varied from 0.9990 to 0.9999. Recoveries at concentrations between 0.1 and 2 mu g/g ranged from 81.4 to 95.2%, with precision, which was expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), at values lower than 8.0%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of pesticide levels from 60 samples,

taken from six different areas. Among selleck kinase inhibitor a total of 60 samples, 15.0% (9 samples) contained at least one of the 15 pesticides. The 15 OCPs were benzene hexachloride (BHC, including check details alpha-BHC, beta-BHC, gamma-BHC, delta-BHC), hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, o,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDT, mirex, endrin and dieldrin. This study indicates that the proposed method is useful for analyzing OCPs in American ginseng.”
“The magnetoresistance of

two terminal lateral semiconductor spin valves with respect to varying mesa size is studied. It is shown theoretically that extended regions outside the spin-current path can act as an additional source of spin-relaxation, decreasing the magnetoresistance response. From a simplified expression of magnetoresistance derived from spin-diffusion equations, we show that it is important to etch away these extended regions for devices with channel lengths much smaller than the spin-diffusion length in order to achieve maximum magnetoresistance. Preliminary experimental data on a two terminal local spin valve are in good agreement with the theory established in this article. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3525981]“
“P>Follow-up care for living organ donors is inadequate in countries with advanced transplantation systems based on altruistic donation. In cases where financial incentives drive an organ donation, care for the live ‘donor’ is largely absent.

The power losses at high inductions are determined by measurement of the rate of rise of the specimen temperature. Imperfect adiabatic behavior of the material is accounted for by physical modeling of the thermal diffusion process. The low-to-medium induction range, up

to B(p) similar to 1.7 T, is covered by conventional fieldmetric measurements, which, in conjunction with the thermometric approach, permit one to achieve a complete characterization of the magnetic sheets versus B(p) and f. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3068540]“
“Convective hot air drying was optimized with the objective of maximum color retention of red beet. The process was mathematically modelled as a function of hot air temperature, batch time, and moisture. New semi-theoretical model was tested with experimental data (50 to 120 degrees C) and was found better than 9 other reported models. Estimated effective moisture diffusivity AZD8931 was 3.01×10(-9) to 7.21×10(-7) m(2)/s and it obeyed Arrhenius’s equation. Color and rehydration ratio were used to assess the quality of beet powder. An unusual trend of color minima was also observed; which was attributed to

the physical phenomena of surface moisture. The final color of beet was temperature dependent and maximum color retention was achieved at lowest drying temperature. Best drying condition required sequential reduction in temperature (120 to 50 degrees C) resulting in good color retention. Ricolinostat mouse This reduced batch time to 4 h compared to 6 h batch of conventional isothermal drying at 50 degrees C.”
“Background: Camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxavara-pericarditis (CACP) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), affecting lubricin production, which is an essential protein for joint function. Manifestations vary between affected individuals with camptodactyly, early-onsetnon-inflammatory arthropathy, coxa vara deformity and non-inflammatory pericarditis.

Objective: To describe the clinical, laboratory, radiological and genetic findings of CACP syndrome in children from Saudi Arabia.

Methods: Medical records of all the children with CACP syndrome

seen between June 1990 and June 2012 at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research click here Center, Riyadh were reviewed. The data include gender,age of first disease manifestations,referral diagnosis, clinical and radiological features, and molecular genetic studies as well as functional status at the last follow-upvisit.

Results: Twenty-two patients (15 boys), (clinical and genetic data of 15 patients were previously published) with mean age at diagnosis 3.7 (1-14) years, were included in this cohort study. The referral diagnosis was inaccurate in all patients; juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) was the referral diagnosis in majority of the patients.

Six families had more than one affected child. Camptodactyly and large joints arthropathy were present in all the cases.

Hip replacement codes were accurate with excellent PPV of 98%, sensitivity of 96%, specificity Rabusertib concentration of 99% and NPV of 96%. Sensitivity analyses that included incomplete charts had little impact on these estimates. The procedure dates found in VA databases matched exactly with medical records in 96%.

Conclusions: The ICD-9 and CPT codes for knee replacement and hip replacement

in VA databases are valid. These codes may be used to identify cohorts of veterans with knee replacement and hip replacement for research studies. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Osteoarthritis Research Society International.”
“Vertebral collapse is a significant event in the paediatric patient with a real potential NVP-HSP990 order for associated deformity and morbidity. While in adults the causes tend towards the malignant, particularly metastatic and metabolic disease, the paediatric population demonstrates a different range of diagnoses. This article reviews the typical imaging findings of the more common underlying acquired pathological causes of vertebral collapse in children,

including Langerhans cell histiocytosis, chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, osteogenesis imperfecta. Other causes include pyogenic osteomyelitis and tuberculosis and neoplastic lesions, either primary, metastatic or of haematological origin.”
“Background: In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyloid-beta (A beta) is the major component of extracellular plaques, whereas the microtubule-associated selleck kinase inhibitor protein tau forms the main component of intracellular tangles. In contrast to frontotemporal dementias and other neurodegenerative diseases, both proteins form pathological aggregates and are considered key players for the development of AD. However, the connection between A beta and tau and the functional loss of neurons and synapses, which ultimately lead to cognitive impairments, is still not well

understood. Objectives: Making use of primary neurons exposed to A beta oligomers, we sought to determine how tau mediates the A beta-induced neuronal dysfunction. Additionally, we asked how the microtubule cytoskeleton is involved in the combined A beta and tau toxicity. Methods: We exposed mature primary rat neurons with developed synapses to A beta oligomers and used immunofluorescence and electron microscopy to investigate tau, actin, neurofilament and microtuble cytoskeleton changes. Results: A beta oligomers preferentially associate with synapses, notably dendritic spines, throughout the neuronal cell culture. As a consequence, endogenous tau gets missorted from the axonal into the somatodendritic compartment in a subset of cells. These missorted cells also display missorting of neurofilaments, and a dramatic loss of microtubules, which can be prevented by the microtubule stabilizer taxol. Conclusions: A beta causes tau missorting, loss of neuronal cell polarity and loss of dendritic microtubules.

After further validation, in-vivo, selleck compound they may be clinically

useful for diagnosis of BE, progressing to dysplasia/esophageal adenocarcinoma.”
“Electronic structures and transport properties of bulk Ta2O5 and Cu/Ta2O5/Pt heterojunction have been studied from first principles. Of the two room-temperature phases of bulk Ta2O5, beta-, and delta-Ta2O5, our calculated results showed that the beta phase has much narrower band gap than the delta-Ta2O5. For Cu/delta-Ta2O5/Pt heterojunction, the p-type Schottky barriers between the Cu (Pt) and Ta2O5 were estimated as 0.9-1.2 eV. Both the standard density-functional calculation and the nonequilibrium Green’s function showed that no conducting channels were formed from Cu to Pt through delta-Ta2O5. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3260244]“
“Affecting 5% to 6% of school-age children, developmental coordination disorder is characterized by a marked impairment of motor coordination that significantly interferes with activities of daily living and academic

achievement. Little is known about the etiology of developmental coordination disorder, but the disorder often coexists with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), speech/language impairment, and/or reading disability. This comprehensive review examines the literature supporting or refuting hypothesized neural correlates of developmental coordination

disorder and suggests directions for future research. potential sources of neuropathology include the cerebellum, Linsitinib parietal lobe, corpus callosum, and basal ganglia. Comorbidities and deficits associated with developmental coordination disorder are highly Suggestive of cerebellar dysfunction; yet, given the heterogeneity of this disorder, it is likely that the cerebellum is not the only neural correlate. Neuroimaging click here Studies and behavioral investigations of learning-related change in motor behavior are the next critical step in enhancing our understanding of developmental coordination disorder.”
“Background: The literature lacks studies that confirm whether the improved radiographic alignment that can be achieved with Computer-navigated total knee arthroplasty improves patients’ activities of daily living or the durability of total knee prostheses. The purpose of this study was to determine whether computer-navigated total knee arthroplasty improves the clinical function, alignment, and survivorship of the components.

Methods: We prospectively compared the results of 520 patients with osteoarthritis who underwent computer-navigated total knee arthroplasty for one knee and conventional total knee arthroplasty for the other. The assignment of the knee to navigation or not was done randomly.