Although the advice to consume a plant-based, low-energy-dense diet is sound, ethical questions arise concerning the relatively high price of these diets in the United States and the way in which such diets are perceived in other parts of the world. Reducing the burden of childhood Veliparib DNA Damage inhibitor obesity, eliminating health disparities, and preventing the further spread of the

disease around the globe will require not only policy interventions to ensure that plant foods are affordable and accessible to children of all income levels but also awareness of sociocultural norms that affect consumption. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(suppl): 1572S-87S.”
“All-atom molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the morphology of polymer/inorganic composite particles prepared by heterocoagulation. The results were also compared to those of our previous study of the preparation of TiO2/poly(acrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) and Fe3O4/polystyrene

composite particles. In the simulation system, polymer or inorganic particles were simulated by surface-charge-modified C-60 or Na atoms. Through a combination of analysis of the radial distribution functions of charged atoms and snapshots of the equilibrated structure, three kinds of particle distributions were observed under different conditions. When the polymer and inorganic particles had opposite surface charges and their sizes were very different, SB273005 solubility dmso the composite morphology showed a core-shell structure with small particles adsorbed onto the surfaces of large particles. Furthermore, when the polymer and inorganic particles had opposite surface charges bet comparable sizes, the polymer and inorganic particles aggregated domain by domain. Finally, when the polymer and inorganic particles were endowed with the same surface charge, the distribution of these two types of particles was homogeneous, regardless of their size difference. The simulation results Were in agreement with the experimental results. The electrostatic interaction and the size of the particles dominated the final morphology of the composite particles when the heterocoagulation

method was used. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. learn more J Appl Polym Sci 116: 2275-2284, 2010″
“Frequency-dependent impedance characteristics of flexible thick film EMI filters were investigated for enhanced suppression of high-frequency noise currents in the frequency range from several tens of megahertz to 1.5 GHz. The inductance of the rolled magnetic film filters was much lower than that of the conventional ferrite bead at lower frequencies but the inductance exceeded the level of the ferrite bead above 33-125 MHz because of the higher frequency dependence of real permeability. The enhanced impedance was mainly due to the increased inductance for the rolled thick film filters at lower frequencies of 210-550 MHz, depending on the complex permeability.

Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1 exhibited antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain Tipifarnib in vitro. (C) 2012 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.”
“Ammonium excretion into the urine is the main mechanism of renal acid excretion. Ammonium is produced

by epithelial cells of the proximal tubule and then secreted into the lumina! fluid. However, before its final excretion into urine, ammonium ion is reabsorbed by the thick ascending limb (TAL), and accumulated in the interstitium to build up a corticopapillary gradient of ammonium which is necessary for the final diffusion of the gas NH3 in parallel to active proton secretion. Recent evidence has been provided by the study of several mouse models of renal acidosis. Particularly, it has been shown that the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE4 is a critical step of ammonium absorption by the TAL, and also that NH(3) diffusion across the membrane of collecting duct cells requires the presence of the recently identified

gas channel Rhcg. This review Epigenetic inhibitor manufacturer is an update on the different mechanisms of ammonium transport, along the nephron, with a particular emphasis on these new molecules.”
“A new flavanocoumarin, loranthin (1) together with catechin (2), quercetin (3) rutin (4), gallic acid (5) and methyl gallate (6) were isolated from Plicosepalus acacia. Loranthin possesses the rare flavanocoumarin skeleton in which the flavan and coumarin moieties are linked via C-7/C-8 of both moieties.

The flavan moiety in 1 was found to be catechin, while a 3,5,6,7-tetrahydroxycoumarin fragment represented the other moiety in 1. The structures of the isolated compounds were established based on different spectroscopic data including HRFABMS, 1D and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, and HMBC). The free radical scavenging activities of different extracts and pure compounds were determined using DPPH reagent and all the tested samples revealed significant activities with variable percent. Loranthin exhibited a 38.4% inhibition in the free radical scavenging assay. The antimicrobial activity of loranthin was evaluated against several www.selleckchem.com/products/ldn193189.html pathogen and loranthin displayed significant effect against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the inhibition activity of the compounds against several disease-relevant protein kinases were also evaluated and discussed. (C) 2012 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.”
“To maintain divalent ion concentration within the body, a complex sensor has evolved to identify the changes in the extracellular environment and cause the surrounding cells to either secrete or absorb in response to change.

88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80, 0.97; average sensitivity: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.96) than with multidetector CT (average diagnostic accuracy: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.82; average sensitivity: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.79) (P < .001 for each). No significant difference in positive predictive value was observed between the two image sets for each reader. Interreader agreement was good to excellent. Conclusion: Compared with multiphasic 64-section multidetector CT, gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging yields

significantly higher diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity in the detection of HCC in patients with cirrhosis. (C) RSNA, LDN-193189 solubility dmso 2010″
“Renal transplant recipients often suffer from dyslipidemia which is one of the principal risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study sought to determine characteristics of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and their associations with carotid intima-media thickness

(cIMT) in a group of pediatric renal transplant recipients. We also examined the influence of immunosuppressive therapy on measured LDL and HDL particle characteristics. HDL size and subclass distribution were determined using gradient gel electrophoresis, while concentrations of small, dense LDL (sdLDL)-cholesterol (sdLDL-C) and sdLDL-apolipoprotein B (sdLDL-apoB) using heparin-magnesium precipitation method in 21 renal transplant recipients and GSK2399872A ic50 32 controls. Renal transplant recipients had less HDL 2b (P < 0.001), but more www.selleckchem.com/products/pci-34051.html HDL 3a (P < 0.01) and 3b (P < 0.001) subclasses. They also had increased sdLDL-C (P < 0.01) and sdLDL-apoB (P < 0.05) levels. The proportion of the HDL

3b subclasses was a significant predictor of increased cIMT (P < 0.05). Patients treated with cyclosporine had significantly higher sdLDL-C and sdLDL-apoB concentrations (P < 0.05) when compared with those on tacrolimus therapy. Pediatric renal transplant recipients have impaired distribution of HDL and LDL particles. Changes in the proportion of small-sized HDL particles are significantly associated with cIMT. Advanced lipid testing might be useful in evaluating the effects of immunosuppressive therapy.”
“This paper introduces a new measurement setup for extraction of the local magnetic properties. With the help of finite element method simulations, modifications are made on the previous double-C-yoke method. Small dimension measuring coils are applied in the stray field produced by the magnetic circuit to evaluate the local magnetic properties of the specified part of the specimen. Through the measurements with the plastically deformed materials at different temperatures, it indicates that the magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials are quite sensitive to plastic straining.

The patients in the LAK group received 5 mL of a local anesthetic, ketamine, and saline combination comprising 2 mL of local anesthetic and 0.3 mg/kg ketamine and saline.

Results: Facial swelling on postoperative days was significantly lower in the LAK group than in the LAA group (P = .0001). The mouth opening on the postoperative days was significantly greater in the LAK group than in the LAA group LY2157299 solubility dmso (P = .0001).

The pain scores on the VAS at 30 minutes and 1, 4, 12, and 24 hours after surgery were significantly higher in the LAA group than in the LAK group (P = .0001, P = .005).

Conclusion: The combination of a local anesthetic and subanesthetic doses of ketamine during surgical extraction of third molars can produce good local anesthesia while affording a comfortable procedure for the surgeon and patient and providing good postoperative analgesia with less swelling and significantly less trismus. (C) 2009 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 67:1206-1210, 2009″
“A series of Co/Pt multilayers

NVP-AUY922 nmr with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy has been grown by magnetron sputtering and characterized using magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements with a view to optimizing samples for current-driven domain motion applications. The influence of the thickness of both Co and Pt layers on the coercivity and switching behavior has been systematically investigated. The coercivity was found to depend strongly on the thickness of the Co layer and clear perpendicular magnetic anisotropy was observed in multilayer stacks with Co thickness ranging from 3 to 7 angstrom. Upon increasing the Co thickness further the magnetization reverts to the in-plane direction and both the coercivity and the remanence

drop rapidly, with the former becoming dominated by shape anisotropy. Increasing the thickness of the Pt buffer layer leads to improved perpendicular magnetic anisotropy with higher coercive fields. In contrast, the thickness of the Pt capping layers JQ-EZ-05 order does not appear to have any systematic influence on the anisotropy in the range of 22-62 angstrom. The coercivity can be further affected by the number of repeat Co layers in the stack due to exchange and magnetic coupling between adjacent Co layers. Upon increasing the thickness of the intermediate Pt spacer layer beyond 27 angstrom, a transition from a coherent single-unit-like reversal to a sequential layer-by-layer reversal was observed. Structures with sharp switching fields and medium coercivity (50-150 Oe) have Co thickness fractions in the range 5 similar to 7% of the total stack height and should be well optimized for studying current-driven domain motion at low current densities. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.

The degenerative changes in the cervical spine seem to be related to these velocity changes in the subgroup of patients who are also affected with vertigo. The pretransverse segment of the VA provides valuable measurements as well as transverse segment of the VA, and it can be used as an appropriate

segment for CDUS examination in cervical spondylosis and associated vertigo.”
“To extend the application of a carbon dioxide sourced environmental friendly polymer: poly (propylene carbonate) (PPC), a small amount of maleic anhydride (MA) was melt blended to end-cap with PPC to improve its thermal stability and mechanical properties. Thermal and mechanical properties of end-capped PPC were investigated by TGA, GPC, mechanical test, and DMA. TGA and titration results demonstrate that PPC can be easily end-capped with MA through simple melt Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor blending. TGA results show that the thermal degradation temperature of PPC could be improved by around 140 degrees C by adding MA. GPC measurement Tariquidar purchase indicates that the molecular weight of PPC can be maintained

after blending with MA, where pure PPC experiences a dramatic degradation in molecular weight during melt process. More importantly, the tensile strength of PPC after blending with MA was found to be nearly eight times higher than that of pure PPC. It has approached the mechanical properties of polyolefin polymers, indicating selleck products the possibility of replacing polyolefin polymers with PPC for low temperature applications. The method described here could be used to extend the applications of PPC and fight against the well

known global warming problem. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 3565-3573, 2011″
“Synthesis of microcrystalline-ultrananocrystalline composite diamond (MCD-UNCD) films, which exhibit marvelous electron field emission (EFE) properties, was reported. The EFE of MCD-UNCD composite diamond film can be turned on at a low field as 6.5 V/mu m and attain large EFE current density about 1.0 mA/cm(2) at 30 V/mu m applied field, which is better than the EFE behavior of the nondoped planar diamond films ever reported. The MCD-UNCD films were grown by a two-step microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) process, including forming an UNCD layer in CH(4)/Ar plasma that contains no extra H(2), followed by growing MCD layer using CH(4)/H(2)/Ar plasma that contains large proportion of H(2). Microstructure examinations using high resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that the secondary MPECVD process modifies the granular structure of the UNCD layer, instead of forming a large grain diamond layer on top of UNCD films. The MCD-UNCD composite diamond films consist of numerous ultrasmall grains (similar to 5 nm in size), surrounding large grains about hundreds of nanometer in size.

At baseline 37.9 % of patients had experience with non-pharmacological treatments and 87.0 % at 12-month follow-up. In conclusion, an integrated headache care program was successfully established. Positive health-related outcomes could be obtained with a multidisciplinary out- and inpatient headache treatment program.”
“Background and objective: The biosafety of hydroquinone and its derivatives as skin whitening agent remains

controversial. Here, we investigated the effects of hydroquinone, arbutin, and deoxyarbutin (D-arb) on melanogenesis and antioxidation Using Cultured melan-a melanocytes in the presence or absence of ultraviolet A (UVA)-induced oxidative stress and determined whether D-arb enables to be an alterative to hydroquinone and arbutin for skin whitening use.

Methods: D-arb was synthesized ill this Study Thiazovivin solubility dmso by removing all hydroxyl groups from the glucose side-chain of arbutin. Tyrosinase activity was measured by (14)C-tyrosine incorporation, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was monitored by H(2)DCFDA fluorescence labeling, and [lie cell viability was determined by MTT assay in murine melan-a melanocytes treated with hydroquinone, arbutin

and deoxyarbutin in the presence or absence of UVA-induced EGFR targets oxidative stress.

Results: The cytotoxicity of hydroquinone and arbutin except for D-arb was increased while the cells exposed to a nontoxic dose (3 J/cm(2)) of UVA irradiation. Suppressed ROS generation was noted by the treatment Of D-arb to compare with arbutin and hydroquinone. All three compounds had a similar inhibition oil tyrosinase activity in dose-dependent manners with two- to three-fold decreases over the untreated control. There was no change in expression of tyrosinase protein in cells treated

with arbutin or hydroquinone, but a decreased protein expression of tyrosinase was seen in deoxyarbutin-treated cells.

Conclusions: Deoxyarbutin exerts potent tyrosinase inhibition, lessened cytotoxicity, and certain antioxidation HDAC inhibitor mechanism potential, may serve as an effective and safe alternative to hydroquinone for use in skin whitening. (C) 2009 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Nutritional and immunological status of patients with obstructive jaundice is usually severely altered, with high mortality rates. The n-3 polyunsaturate fatty acids (PUFA), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3), posess potent immunomodulatory activities. Thus, our aim was to compare the plasma phospholipid fatty acid (FA) composition of these patients with healthy subjects, as well as before and after 7 days preoperative supplementation with high doses of EPA (0.9 g per day) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3, 0.6 g per day).

This real effectiveness

of the dialysate exchange procedure should be taken into account in the process of planning automated PD sessions, otherwise the predicted overall efficacy of creatinine and urea removal throughout the session may be underestimated. This underestimation is proportional to the number of dwells per day.”
“Aging is the primary risk factor for dementia. With increasing life expectancy and aging populations worldwide, dementia is becoming one of the significant public health problems of the century. The most common pathology underlying dementia in older adults is Alzheimer’s disease. Proton LXH254 supplier magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) may provide a window into the biochemical changes associated Selleckchem Galardin with the loss of neuronal integrity and other neurodegenerative

pathology that involve the brain before the manifestations of cognitive impairment in patients who are at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. This review focuses on proton MRS studies in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia, and how proton MRS metabolite levels may be potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of dementia-related pathologic changes in the brain.”
“Background: Stakeholders in HIV/AIDS care currently use different pro grammes for provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Uganda. It is not known which of these represents the best value for money.

Objective: To compare the cost effectiveness of home-based care (HBC), facility-based care (FBC) and mobile clinic care (MCC) for provision of ART in Uganda.

Methods: Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using decision and Markov modeling of adult AIDS patients in WHO Clinical Stage 3 and 4 from the perspective of the Ugandan

healthcare system. The main outcome measures were cost (year 2008 values), life expectancy in life-years (LY) PLX3397 and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) measured as cost per QALY or LY gained over 10 years.

Results: Ten-year mean undiscounted life expectancy was lowest for FBC (3.6 LY), followed by MCC (4.3 LY) and highest for HBC (5.3 LY), while the mean discounted QALYs were also lowest for FBC (2.3), followed by MCC (2.9) and highest for HBC (3.7). The 10-year mean costs per patient were lowest for FBC ($US3212), followed by MCC ($US4782) and highest for HBC ($US7033). The ICER was lower for MCC versus FBC ($US2241 per LY and $US2615 per QALY) than for HBC versus MCC ($US2251 per LY and $US2814 per QALY). FBC remained cost effective in univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions: FBC appears to be the most cost-effective programme for provision of ART in Uganda. This analysis supports the implementation of FBC for scale-up and sustainability of ART in Uganda. HBC and MCC would be competitive only if there is increased access, increased adherence or reduced cost.

The primary end point was primary sustained clinical improvement after 12 months. Secondary end points were secondary sustained clinical improvement, primary and secondary patency rates, freedom from target lesion revascularisation (TLR),

freedom from target extremity revascularisation (TER) and stent fracture rate.

Results: We enrolled 58 patients (62 limbs) suffering from either claudication (40.3%) or critical limb ischaemia (59.7%). Lesions were either TASC C (62.9%) or TASC D (37.1%). Median length of the treated segment was 220 +/- 160 mm. The mean number of stents was 2.2. Mean follow-up was 17 months, with one patient lost to follow-up. At 1 year, the primary end point was 68.6% while secondary sustained clinical improvement was 82.6%. Freedom from TLR and TER MK-2206 inhibitor rates were 81.1% and 96.3%. Primary and secondary patencies were 66% and 80.9%. One-year primary and secondary sustained clinical improvement rates GW-572016 manufacturer were 76.7% +/- 7.2 for TASC C and 46.3% +/- 11.1 for TASC D (p = 0.03) and 87.6% +/- 5.9 for TASC C and 67.3% +/- 11.3 for TASC D (p = 0.09), respectively. The ankle brachial pressure

index increased from 0.58 to 0.94 (p = 0.001) at 1 year and the incidence of in-stent restenosis (ISR) was 19.3%. Stent fracture and disconnection rate was 17.7%.

Conclusions: Primary stenting of TASC C and D lesions appears to be safe and efficient given the high-sustained clinical improvement and the low rate of ISR observed in our study. Endovascular treatment of such long and severe lesions exposes to high rate of stent fractures, which should not be a concern given their low clinical impact. (C) 2012 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose of review

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease that can impact patient survival and quality Selleck KPT-8602 of life because of acute and chronic complications. Although intensive insulin

scheme treatment has been shown to reduce the incidence of diabetes-related complications, only pancreas transplantation has been shown to be able to alter them and in some cases to revert them. In this review, an extensive view of the effect of pancreas transplantation on diabetes-related complication will be described.

Recent findings

This review will focus on patients survival, diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular event, comparing their incidence in type 1 diabetic patients treated with insulin and in type 1 diabetic patients receiving kidney, kidney-pancreas or pancreas alone graft. The review will focus mostly on the papers published in the last decade, with a particular attention to those on new aspects of graft function analysis like spectroscopy. Moreover, a comparison with islet transplantation procedure will be performed.

“
“Chondromyxoid fibroma is a rare benign

tumor accounting for 1-2% of primary bone tumors. Most of the patients are young males in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life. Metaphyses of long bones are predominantly affected. The histology of this tumor is well established, but its genetic mechanism remains poorly characterized. To our knowledge, only 22 abnormal cytogenetic analyses have been reported, and all contained diploidy or near-diploidy karyograms as their primary event, this website and inv(6)(p25)(q13) and rearrangements involving regions 6p23-25, 6q12-15, and 6q23-27 constituted a recurrent observation. In this report, a pseudotetraploidy tumor clone with multiple numerical and structural aberrations involving 6p23 as well as other chromosomal loci was identified in a chondromyxoid fibroma from the metaphysis of the left fibula of an 18-year-old male, which has not been reported. The finding may relate to the atypical-looking large cells often seen in this benign tumor.”
“Experiments

with a high-power laser beam directed onto thin aluminum sheets, with a large spot size, demonstrate Selleckchem SNX-5422 that airflow produces a strong enhancement of the interaction. The enhancement is explained in terms of aerodynamic effects. As laser heating softens the material, the airflow-induced pressure difference between front and rear faces causes the metal to bulge into the beam. The resulting shear stresses rupture the material and remove it at temperatures well below the melting point. The material heating is shown to conform to an elementary model. We present an analytic model of elastic bulging. Scaling with respect to spot size, wind speed, and

material parameters is determined.”
“Modification of polypropylene (PP) has been successfully carried out by graft copolymerization of gelatin, by chemical method using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as radical initiator. PP was preirradiated by gamma rays at a constant dose rate of 3.40 kGy/h before grafting to introduce hydroperoxide groups. Optimum conditions pertaining to maximum percentage of grafting were evaluated as a function of different reaction parameters. Maximum percentage of grafting of gelatin (115%) was obtained at BPO concentration = 4.132 x 10(-2) mol/L MG-132 molecular weight in 120 min at 70 degrees C using 30 mL of water. Characterization of PP-g-gelatin was carried out through FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Swelling studies were carried out in pure, binary, ternary, and quaternary solvent systems comprising distilled water, ethanol, dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), and N,N-dimethyl-formamide (DMF) in different ratios. Maximum swelling of PP-g-gelatin (both composite and true graft) was observed in pure solvents that is, DMSO followed by DMF, ethanol, and water and was higher than that observed in the mixed solvent system.

Mild or severe CP patients

were older than healthy patients; sex distribution did not vary among groups. Mean presecretin and maximum postsecretin ADCs were higher in healthy patients than in either mild or severe CP groups (P < .01), but did not vary between mild and severe CP groups (P = .25-0.28). An ADC of less than 220 x 10(-5) mm(2)/sec was optimal for delineating between healthy and CP patients.

Conclusion: Pancreatic ADC obtained with DW imaging at 3.0 T prior to secretin administration may help diagnose CP; postsecretin ADC response does not distinguish CP severity. (C) RSNA, 2009″
“Although it is well established that aluminum (Al) is neurotoxic, the potential role of this element in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not well established. In this study, we evaluated the effects of oral Al exposure on spatial learning, memory

and neurogenesis in Tg2576 mice, an animal model of AD in which Abeta CX-6258 cell line plaques start to be deposited at 9 months of age. Aluminum was given as Al lactate (11 mg/g of food) for 6 months. At 11 months of age a water maze test was carried out to evaluate learning and memory. Subsequently, mice were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and sacrificed 24 hours or 28 days after the last injection in order to assess proliferation, survival and differentiation of neurons. We observed impaired acquisition in the water maze task in Al-treated Tg2576 mice, as well as worse memory in the Al-exposed groups. In terms of neurogenesis, no effects of aluminum were observed

AZD1208 ic50 in proliferation, survival and differentiation. The results of this investigation suggest that Tg2576 mice fed for 210 Selleck EVP4593 days with rodent chow supplemented with Al lactate at 11 mg/g of food have impaired spatial learning although their neurogenesis remains un-modified.”
“The effect of lactosucrose on the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) content, the intestinal flora, the acidity, and the amino nitrogen (NH3-N) content of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) rats was investigated. Dietary lactosucose supplementation increased amounts of beneficial bacteria and diminished amounts of pathogenic bacteria. Lactosucrose decreased the NH3-N content in cecal and colonic digesta, compared to inflammatory rats. Lactosucrose increased the acidity in the intestinal lumen, and the acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid contents in cecal and colonic digesta, compared to inflammatory rats. The butyrate content in the lactosucrose group was higher than for the inflammatory, sulfasalazine, and normal groups. Lactosucrose promoted beneficial intestinal health and prevented intestinal inflammation.”
“The mechanical properties including hardness, Young’s modulus, and fracture toughness of heavily phosphorus (P)-doped Czochralski (Cz) silicon have been investigated by means of nanoindentation and microindentation.