In this case, the mechanism of the burn was different. Hot air has much thermal energy but is not conducted XMU-MP-1 in vitro to the skin directly. A wet towel will have a relatively higher thermal capacity or heat capacity than a dry or damp towel, and the sodden water might be a medium for the conduction of thermal energy. Owing to the global

popularity of sauna bathing, it is important to recognize all sources of sauna-related burns.”
“Background and Purpose: Laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery has been implemented recently in many laparoscopic (LAP) surgical procedures. We report our initial experience with LESS totally extraperitoneal (LESS-TEP) inguinal hernia repair in relation to conventional LAP-TEP.

Patients and Methods: Between November 2008 and May 2009, 25 LESS-TEP repairs of inguinal hernia and 29 LAP-TEP repairs of inguinal hernia were performed in 44 patients. Data regarding patient demographics, type of hernia, operative time, complications, postoperative hospital stay, and recurrence were prospectively collected and analyzed.

Results: All 44 patients were men, aged 17 to 84 years. Of 44 men, 3 had bilateral inguinal hernias in the LESS-TEP group and 7 in the LAP-TEP group. The operative time for bilateral LESS-TEP was 60 +/- 15.3 min (range 40-70 min) and 40 +/- 21.6 min (range 20-100 min) for unilateral

MI-503 LESS-TEP, while for bilateral hernia LAP-TEP it was 60 +/- 24.8 min (range 40-100 min) and for unilateral LAP-TEP it was 50 +/- 14.2 min (range 40-80 min). Comparison of operative times in the LESS-TEP and LAP-TEP groups between the first and second half cohort resulted in significant reduction of operative time in the second half of the LESS-TEP group (P < 0.001). There were no intraoperative complications. Discharge was within 72 hours for most patients in both groups. There was one early recurrence (mesh displacement) during a median follow-up buy Liproxstatin-1 period of 11.5 +/- 2.5 months in the LESS-TEP group and no recurrences during the 11 +/- 1.6 months in the LAP-TEP group.

Conclusion: In our experience, LESS-TEP is a safe and feasible procedure with a short learning curve. In all analyzed parameters, it is comparable to conventional LAP-TEP. Further studies that

compare LESS-TEP and conventional multiport LAP-TEP repairs with long-term follow-up evaluation are needed to confirm the initial experience.”
“Objectives: To examine the anatomical relationship of the angles between tympanic membrane and stapes footplate and the variation of these angles among different temporal bones in order to characterize the optimal shape of total ossicular reconstruction prostheses (TORPs).

Methods: Ten specimens of human temporal bones were prepared for examination with micro-computed tomography. Five of the 10 temporal bones were implanted with 3 types of TORPs before subjecting them to micro-computed tomography. The angles between tympanic membrane and stapes footplate were determined. The contact of the TORPs to these structures was assessed.

Reaction of hydroxy-terminated poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) with DTDPA quantitatively yielded DTDPA functionalized PCL (PCL-S-S-COOH). The disulfide-containing polyester was regioselectively conjugated onto the hydroxy groups of chitosan under mild and homogeneous conditions, utilizing dodecyl sulfate-chitosan complexes (SCC) as an intermediate. The self-assembly and Doxorubicin (Dox)

release behavior of the copolymers were investigated. Spherical micelles could be formed through self-assembly of CS-S-S-PCL in aqueous media. The reduction-sensitive behavior of CS-S-S-PCL micelles was investigated by using Dithiothreitol (DTT) as a reductive reagent. In the presence of 10 mM DTT, the micelles gradually lost their aggregation stability and were precipitated out after four days. In addition, the Dox release was accelerated when the micelles were treated ATM/ATR mutation with DTT. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Background: Adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) are rare in children. Because of the rarity and various manifestations of ACTs, patients of ACTs are not easily diagnosed. Some patients were misdiagnosed before surgery.

Objective: Identify the clinical, laboratorial, imaging and histopathological characteristics of adrenocortical check details tumors in children. Compare adrenalcortical adenoma

with carcinoma.

Methods: A retrospective review of 34 identified patients who were younger than 15 years old with histologic confirmation of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) or adenomas from 1991 to 2010.

Results: In these 34 patients, 19 were adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) and 15 were ACC. The median age at diagnosis was 3.33 years (range, 0-16 years), and 70.6% of the patients were younger than five years. Girls slightly predominated MLN4924 in vivo over boys (1.4:1). For endocrine abnormality, 14 patients had isolated precocious puberty, five patients had isolated Cushing syndrome, 10 patients had precocious puberty

plus Cushing syndrome, and five patients did not have any symptoms. The most frequent findings in laboratory tests were disturbance of the normal circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion (93.8%), followed by elevated serum level of testosterone (89.7%). Only 3.8% of ultrasound diagnosis and 12.1% of computed tomography (CT) diagnosis were consistent with pathologic diagnosis.

Conclusion: Different from those in adult, the most frequent presentation in children with ACTs is peripheral precocious puberty with or without Cushing syndrome, and isolated Cushing syndrome. Few present with non-functional local mass. Laboratory tests usually reveal the discordantly elevated serum levels of sexual corticosteroid hormones, change of diurnal rhythm of cortisol or increase of morning cortisol.

4 +/- 2.4) than African Americans (6.5 +/- 2.6) [ANOVA, p < 0.001] and greater in men (7.4 +/- 2.4) than in women (6.7 +/- 2.5) [T-test, p < 0.001]. In multivariate model, greater SAI (range 0-12) was associated with increased likelihood of being placed on the waiting list (hazard ratio [HR] 1.19 [95% CI 1.15-1.23] per each point of increase in SAI, p < 0.001) and greater

likelihood of receiving a transplant once listed (HR of 1.06 [95% CI 1.03-1.09] per point of increase in SAI, p < 0.001). Similar trends were observed in most of the subgroups (based upon race, sex, diabetic PFTα manufacturer status, age, comorbidities, and donor type). SAI is associated with access to renal transplantation in patients with end-stage renal disease; it may be used to indentify individuals at risk of healthcare disparities.”
“We describe a technique of irrigating and thereby rapidly

and effectively clearing the cornea of relatively large amounts of surface contaminants that reduce surgical visibility and may contribute to endophthalmitis. This technique is referred to as “”macrowash “” If the technique is required, it is usually at the commencement of cataract surgery, immediately after placement of the surgical drape. The technique not only saves time, but also reduces the volume of irrigating solution required by the “”microwash”" technique, which is traditionally carried out by the scrub nurse/surgical assistant using SNX-5422 mouse a Rycroft cannula attached to a 15 mL container of irrigating solution.

Financial Disclosure: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

J Cataract Refract

Surg 2010; 36.1453-1454 (C) 2010 ASCRS and ESCRS”
“We compressed NaCl-B2 to 304 GPa and presented a pressure scale based on the Birch-Murnaghan and Vinet equations of state for this phase. The pressure difference between the two formulations of the equation of state was less than 2.0% within the pressure range of 50-364 CP-868596 inhibitor GPa. The present data indicates that the uniaxial stress of the platinum used in the sample is 2.4 GPa and comparable with that of runs using a helium pressure medium. The compression curve of NaCl-B2 was expressed by the Birch-Murnaghan equation of state with fixed volume at ambient pressure, where V(0) = 37.73(4.05) angstrom(3), K = 47.00(46) GPa and K’ = 4.10(2) based upon Matsui et al.’s platinum scale. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3573393]“
“Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) followed by increased inflammatory cytokines may be important in the pathogenesis of chronic allograft dysfunction. As many renal transplant recipients show chronic changes on biopsy within the first year, early RAS blockade with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) could be beneficial. However, it remains unclear that early ACEI use is safe. We conducted a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to assess the safety of enalapril 5 mg during the early post-transplant period.

These efforts should include strategies that help men to communicate more effectively with social support resources and address cultural beliefs and values related to temporal orientation. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“BACKGROUND: Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) has been considered as a promising new technology

for the production of bio-hydrogen from renewable biomass, but low-cost alternatives to typical cathode material (platinum) are needed. In this study, CNTs-based electrode alternatives to Pt were examined in a single-chamber membrane-free MEC. To the best of our knowledge, the use of carbon nanotube as the MEC cathode catalyst has not been reported so far. RESULTS: For all cathodes, hydrogen production rates increased in response to increase in voltage and the highest hydrogen production was achieved ARN-509 manufacturer at 0.9 V. At an applied voltage of 0.9 V, MECs with Pt/MWNT cathodes obtained a hydrogen production rate of 1.42 m3 m-3 day-1 with a current density of 192 A m-3, a coulombic efficiency of 94%, a cathodic hydrogen this website recovery of 65%, and electrical energy efficiency based on electricity input

of 126%. CONCLUSIONS: The Pt/MWNT cathode developed demonstrated better electrocatalytic activity than the MWNT cathode and achieved performance comparable with the Pt cathode in terms of hydrogen production rate. These results demonstrate the great potential of using carbon cloth with CNTs-based electrodes as a cathode material for MECs. Copyright (C) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Health-state changes can lead to response shifts in internal standards. The most commonly used method for detecting such recalibration

response shift is the retrospective pretest-posttest design, here referred to as thentest. Since this design faces significant problems, there is a pressing need to improve the stringency of studies using the thentest approach. Our objective is to provide guidelines for the optimal use of the thentest approach for detecting recalibration response shift.

Discussion of methods based on relevant literature.

A checklist is provided that includes recommendations for studies using the thentest approach focusing on: (1) designing the study; (2) formulating Selumetinib mw hypotheses; (3) constructing the thentest; (4) identifying change; (6) taking alternative explanations into account; (7) using analytic standards; and (8) interpreting results.

The guidelines-checklist has the potential to stimulate rigorous and replicable research using the thentest. This checklist might also be of use for journal editors and reviewers as ‘gate keepers’ of stringent research. Many of these suggestions also apply to other methods of detecting response shift.”
“BACKGROUND: Membrane fouling in downstream processing has become a major obstacle in enzyme production.

The total number of children refusing to undergo inhalational induction was 81 (1.26%) and 19 (0.3%) elected for an IV induction. One-third received cannulation for delivery of IV analgesia. There were no adverse anesthesia events requiring emergency cannulation and/ or intubation over the 5-year period. Conclusions: This service review indicates that general anesthesia for outpatient dental anesthesia may be safely performed without mandatory IV access. The technique employed in this center emphasizes the need for the clinician to primarily concentrate on pediatric airway management

in a safe environment with experienced assistance. It supports the hypothesis that instrumentation of the airway (insertion of laryngeal mask airway) can be satisfactorily achieved without prior IV access.”
“The initial processing of tomatoes includes Vorinostat Epigenetics inhibitor a break step, which involves rapid heating of the freshly chopped SRT1720 order tomatoes to >90 degrees C for hot break, or 60-77 degrees C for cold break. It is believed that pectolytic enzyme deactivation is the key element in the hot break step; therefore the pectin content

of the different products should be qualitatively distinct. There are two general sources of pectin in a tomato fruit: the middle lamella which is rich in homogalacturonan, and the cell-wall. In this study, a 0-min or 24-min hold time (room temperature) for the chopped tomatoes preceded the break step to replicate hot and cold break, respectively, with minimum variation in the processing. The cell-wall

pectin was then isolated and analyzed for the carbohydrate composition, degree of polymerization, and degree of esterification. The results showed no observable differences in pectin isolated from the two preparations, indicating that there is no significant pectolytic activity in the cell wall during the 24 min hold time; thus, the pectolytic enzymes probably act on the lower ester, middle lamella pectin in cold break LCL161 in vivo products. Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) was used to prepare porous structures by a thermally induced phase-separation method. Different porous structures were obtained with poly (4-methyl-1-pentene), which has excellent properties as a polymer, and diphenyl ether as a diluent. The affecting factors, including the polymer concentration and cooling temperature, are discussed. Scanning electron microscopy images and porosity values were obtained to investigate the affecting factors. According to the cloud-point temperature and crystallization temperature, a phase diagram was also obtained to explain the phase-separation process. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polyin Sci 112: 1271-1277, 2009″
“Background: It is a common practice to perform inhalational induction with sevoflurane followed by intravenous cannulation in children. However, there is little information regarding the time at which the intravenous cannulation can be attempted safely after sevoflurane induction.

Both transgenic lines showed browning of the lamina joint regions and nodes that could be attributed to a reduction of RGB1 function, as the abnormality was not

observed in d1-5. The RGB1 knock-down lines generated in d1-5 were shorter, suggesting RGB1 to be a positive regulator of cellular proliferation, in addition to RGA1. The number of sterile seeds also increased in both RGB1 knock-down lines. These results suggest that G beta gamma and G alpha cooperatively function in cellular proliferation and seed fertility. We discuss the potential predominant role of RGB1 in G protein signaling in rice.”
“Borehole and sachet (“”pure water”") water are the major sources of drinking water in Calabar. Such waters are required to comply with minimum standards in order to protect public health and accepted as safe drinking water. In this paper, a study was conducted to AZD6244 investigate the presence and effects of fungi JPH203 in sachet and borehole drinking water in Calabar using 4 sachet water samples and 10 borehole samples. Sachet water aged 2 h and 2 weeks since manufactured and each borehole sample (collected in the dry and wet seasons) was subjected to membrane filtration technique and plating method to determine the fungal content of

the water. Only one sample, Usua water (sachet water) tested negative for the presence of fungi at CFU (colony forming unit) / 100 ml. Laura water (sachet water), Abua water, Edgerly water and Mayne-Avenue water (borehole water) were the most infected. Percentage of fungi in borehole water was higher in the rainy than in the dry season. Aspergillus (29.4%), Rhizopus (21.6%), Fusarium (15.7%) and Penicillium (13.7%) were the most frequently isolated. These fungi have the potential to

cause allergic reactions or diseases in humans.”
“Volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen uptake rate in a dense activated sludge slurry bubble column were measured by varying activated sludge concentrations (from 2000 to 8000 mg/L) and/or aeration rates (from 0.3 to 1.5 L min(-1)). They were separately determined by the dynamic methods. The endogenous oxygen uptake rate of the activated C59 Wnt clinical trial sludge was estimated by monitoring the dissolved oxygen concentration change after turning off the air sparging in a stirred tank. The volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in a dense activated sludge slurry bubble column was determined using the dissolved oxygen concentration profiles and the oxygen uptake rates predetermined from the separate measurements. While the oxygen uptake rate almost linearly increased with increasing the activated sludge concentration, the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient decreased with an increase in the activated sludge concentration. Their empirical correlations were obtained as functions of activated sludge concentration by fitting the experimental data.

Results: Nine hundred sixty-five consults were performed. Among the 525 patients with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Score >3, 185 (35.7%) were treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) alone, 15 (2.9%) received combination of intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolysis/thrombectomy, and 11 (2.1%) were treated with intra-arterial therapy alone. Of those who received intravenous t-PA, 119 (64.3%) were transferred to the hub; the medians (interquartile range) for onset to treatment Batimastat order for the intravenous t-PA and the intravenous t-PA and intra-arterial groups

were 152 (range 115-193) minutes and 147 (range 107-179) minutes, respectively. Three patients (1.6%) who received intravenous t-PA alone experienced symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. The most common reason for not receiving thrombolysis was patient presentation outside the time window for treatment. Conclusions: Telestroke can have a major impact in increasing thrombolysis rates in remote areas from specialized centers, and in particular in areas where t-PA is underutilized.”
“BACKGROUND: Foreign-body granuloma is a potential complication of periurethral injection of calcium hydroxylapatite for the treatment

of type Ill stress urinary incontinence.

CASES: We present two cases of foreign-body granuloma formation after periurethral injection of calcium hydroxylapatite Selleck H 89 for type Ill stress urinary incontinence. Excision of the lesion resulted in cessation selleck products of pain in a symptomatic patient; however, it led to the resumption of stress urinary incontinence in both cases.

CONCLUSION: Foreign-body granuloma is not the normative response to periurethral bulking with calcium hydroxylapatite. However, granuloma should be considered when a periurethral mass is encountered after injection of calcium hydroxylapatite for type Ill stress urinary incontinence. (Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:418-21)

DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182161953″
“The neodymium/yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd/YAG) laser has been suggested to repair broken prostheses in the mouth. This study investigated the effects of different dentin thicknesses and air cooling on pulpal temperature rise during laser welding. Three intact human maxillary molars were prepared for full-veneer crown. For each tooth, dentin thicknesses in mesiobuccal cusp was 2, 3, or 4 mm. Twenty dies were duplicated from each of the prepared teeth. For metal copings with 0.5-mm thickness, wax patterns were prepared with dip wax technique directly onto each of dies. All patterns were sprued and invested. The castings were made using a nickel-chromium alloy (Nicromed Premium, Neodontics). A hole with 0.5-mm diameter was prepared on the mesiobuccal cusp of each crown. The Nd/YAG laser (9.85 W; 1 Hz repetition rate; fluence, 1.

We found that the binding energies of the ground and excited states, the absorption coefficients, and the refractive index changes of 0s-1p and 1p-2d transitions

depend on the applied electric field. The results show that the existence of the electric field has great influence on the optical absorption coefficients and the refractive index changes. Also, we have found that the magnitudes of the absorption coefficient and the refractive index change of the spherical quantum dot increase for transitions between higher levels. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3582137]“
“Cuticular waxes are involved in the regulation of the exchange of gases and water in plants and can impact tolerance to drought. However, the molecular mechanisms of the relationship between wax accumulation and drought tolerance are largely unknown. We applied the methoxyfenozide gene switching system to regulate expression of the WIN1/SHN1 gene Poziotinib (WAX INDUCER 1/SHINE1; At1G15360), a transcriptional activator, to regulate production of cuticular waxes and cutin and followed changes of gene expression, metabolites, and drought tolerance. Treatment with the inducer resulted in expression of the target

gene and specific downstream genes, and gradually increased cuticular waxes. Induction of cuticular wax conferred tolerance to drought JQ1 in vitro and recovery from drought, and was correlated with reduced numbers of stomata. Quantitative RT-PCR assays using RNAs from transgenic plants revealed that when expression of the WIN1/SHN1 gene was induced there was increased expression of genes involved in wax development, and reduced expression of selected genes, including SPCH (At5g53210); MUTE (At3g06120); and FAMA (At3g241400); and YODA (At1g63700), each of which is involved in stomatal development. These studies suggest that drought tolerance caused by the induction

of WIN1/SHIN gene may be due to reduced numbers of stomata as well as to cuticular wax accumulation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All GANT61 rights reserved.”
“Large amounts of respiratory viruses are shed in nasal secretions by children. Nasal mucus was compared with nasopharyngeal swabs as a source for respiratory virus testing. Multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detected virus in nasal mucus specimens in 73% (11/15) of positive cases, demonstrating the potential utility of less invasive specimens when a highly sensitive method is used for respiratory virus detection.”
“Thin Co films of different thickness deposited on glass are investigated by magnetooptic Kerr effect to study the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of these films. The direction of the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy is determined from the azimuthal dependence of the magnetic remanence and differs with increasing thickness of the Co film investigated by x-ray reflectivity.

4 versus 2.5%, P=0.12). However, their later follow-up indicates non-fatal postoperative events predict reduced late survival, independent of cardioplegia. A minority of studies suggested a benefit of cold cardioplegia over warm in particular patient subgroups: One group conducted a retrospective study of 520 patients who required prolonged aortic cross-clamp times, results demonstrated less myocardial damage and reduced postoperative cardiac mortality and morbidity in the cold group. The clinical bottom line is that warm and cold cardioplegia result in similar short-term

mortality. However, large studies have shown that check details warm cardioplegia reduces adverse post-operative events; the significance of which is unclear.”
“Cases of immediate bony microvascular reconstruction following segmental mandibulectomy in children are hard to find in the current literature. Moreover, microvascular segmental mandibular reconstruction that adopts an intraoral anastomosis technique has not been described so

far. Therefore, the present clinical report aims at extending the armamentarium of bony microvascular reconstruction in pediatric cases of segmental mandibulectomy by highlighting an intraoral microvascular anastomosing technique.

A 6-year-old boy, who suffered from an ameloblastoma of the mural type in the mandible, received a radical segmental mandibular resection because of the high recurrence rate of this tumor entity. Immediate reconstruction was carried out with a fibular double-barrel CCI-779 cell line graft. Microvascular anastomoses were performed in an end-to-end fashion with the facial artery and vein as recipient vessels. The postoperative SN-38 course was uneventful. There was no impairment of speech, deglutition, mastication, and facial nerve function. The facial appearance remained unobtrusive. On removal of the reconstruction plate 3 months after the reconstruction procedure, bleeding from the reconstructed mandibular segment indicated vascularization of the graft.

It seems that segmental mandibulectomy and

simultaneous microvascular bony reconstruction do not necessarily lead to impaired function as far as speech, deglutition, and mastication are concerned. Instead, the intraoral anastomosis technique allows waiving extraoral skin incisions and subsequent scarring, leaving the facial appearance unchanged and unobtrusive. Especially, the potential risk of stigmatization of the patient is avoided. Therefore, decision making in the choice of 1 or the other reconstruction option following segmental mandibulectomy should always consider the adoption of an intraoral anastomosing technique.”
“Purpose of review

Up to 35% of children and youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) receive at least one psychotropic medication. 50-70% of this population also receives biologically based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The data evaluating such practices are being reviewed.

We analyzed the association of 21 previously reported genetic variants associated with acute rejection

(AR), in an effort to validate these associations in our kidney transplant population. All recipients (n = 585) received Ab induction, rapid discontinuation of prednisone, and calcineurin inhibitors with either mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus. Both univariate analysis and logistic regression were used for determining the association between the genotypes and AR. Univariate analysis detected one significant single-nucleotide polymorphism (p = 0.03), see more rs1801133, within the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene associated with AR. Logistic regression analysis identified two variants associated with AR, the 32-bp deletion within chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 gene (rs333) and the p.222A/V variant (rs1801133) within the MTHFR gene. Although our analysis utilized a much larger cohort than used in previous reports, we were only able to detect an association with two of these variants.

The lack of validation for the other 19 variants may be due to the small effect size, or that, they are not associated with AR. These results stress the need for larger cohorts for both future studies as well as for validation studies.”
“Etiologic studies of acute febrile disease were conducted in sites across South LY2835219 purchase America, including Cusco and Iquitos, Peru. Patients’ clinical signs and CRM1 inhibitor symptoms were recorded, and acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples were obtained for serologic examination and virus isolation in Vero E6 and C6/36 cells. Virus isolated in Vero E6 cells was identified

as encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) by electron microscopy and by subsequent molecular diagnostic testing of samples from 2 febrile patients with nausea, headache, and dyspnea. The virus was recovered from acute-phase serum samples from both case-patients and identified with cardiovirus-specific reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing. Serum samples from case-patient 1 showed cardiovirus antibody by immunoglobulin M ELISA (acute phase <8, convalescent phase >1,024) and by neutralization assay (acute phase <10, convalescent phase >11,280). Serum samples from case-patient 2 did not contain antibodies detectable by either assay. Detection of virus in serum strongly supports a role for EMCV in human infection and febrile illness.”
“The influence of alcohol adsorption on the nano-asperity friction of silicon oxide surfaces under equilibrium conditions was studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). In the intermediate regime of the relative partial pressure (P/P(sat)) of alcohol, the friction versus applied load (F-L) curve deviates from the expected DMT behavior, while the F-L curve in dry and near saturation vapor conditions follows the DMT contact mechanics.