33) and 10.62 +/- 0.68, 9.64 +/- 0.49, 8.48 +/- 0.96, 6.32 +/- 0.15 and 6.90

+/- 0.04, respectively, 5-7 days after ovulation (spearman’s correlation coefficient = -0.66) estradiol and progesterone levels, measured in the day of 2nd ultrasonography had not statistic relation with endometrial thickness (P = 0.27 and 0.31). The relation of endometrial thickness and age was not significant (P = 0.54 and 0.06).\n\nConclusions: Dilatation and curettage has a significant effect on the endometrial thinning.”
“When two targets, T1 and T2, are embedded in a rapid serial visual presentation of distractors, successful report of T2 depends on its lag from T1: When T2 is separated by a few distracters, it is P005091 research buy likely to be missed; this phenomenon is known as the Attentional Blink (AB). When T2 is presented consecutively from T1, T2 is likely to be detected despite the temporal proximity of both targets; this effect is called Lag-1 sparing. We studied how the Lag-1 sparing and AB effects change with practice. Observers repeated a typical dual-target-report task over separate check details days, while behavioral indices and EEG were recorded. Practice increased the Lag-1 sparing and reduced the AB effects, improving

the sensitivity to T2 while leaving the response criterion unchanged. With improving sensitivity, T2-related amplitude of P3 and negative deflection (ND), an N2 subcomponent, increased. The latter, especially in the Lag-1 condition, could not fully be explained by changes in the ratio of the T2-hit and see more miss trials. ND usually indicates spatial target selectivity

but here reflects the selection of temporally proximal targets. The effect, therefore, suggests common mechanisms for spatial and temporal selectivity. Relevance of these results for computational models of the AB is discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of physical exercise (swimming and jumping), with and without overload, working in reducing the pain of rats undergone to an experimental model of sciatica. Methods: 24 rats were divided into four groups: Placebo (PG), Swimming Group (SG) Swimming 10% Group (SG10) and Jump Group (JG). All groups were submitted to the experimental sciatica model and assessed for pain post-exercise for the Functional Disability Test and the Von Frey filament. Results: In comparison within groups there were significant differences in the moments after injury with the pre-injury, for both assessment instruments. With Von Frey filament was observed a significant difference in group GN10 and GS in the final moments of evaluation. In comparisons between groups were not statistically significant differences obtained with any assessment instrument. Conclusion: Treatment with physical exercise was not effective in reducing pain in rats subjected to experimental sciatica model.”
“Mycoplasma pneumoniae is known to be a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in children.

When tested in a walking simulator, the crab Neohelice granulata immediately adjusts its running direction after changes in the position of the visual danger stimulus smaller than 1 degrees. Combining mass and single-cell staining with in Selleck AZD1152-HQPA vivo intracellular recording, we show that a particular class of motion-sensitive neurons of the crab’s lobula that project to the midbrain, the monostratified lobula giants type 1 (MLG1), form a system of 16 retinotopically organized elements that map the 360 degrees azimuthal space. The preference of these neurons for horizontally moving objects conforms

the visual ecology of the crab’s mudflat world. With a mean receptive field of 118 degrees, MLG1s have a large superposition among neighboring elements. Our results suggest that the MLG1 system conveys information on object position as a population vector. Such computational code can

enable the accurate directional control observed in the AP24534 solubility dmso visually guided behaviors of crabs.”
“The membrane potential is mainly maintained by the K+ concentration gradient across the cell membrane between the cytosol and the extracellular matrix. Here, we show that extracellular addition of high-molecular weight hyaluronan depolarized the membrane potential of human fibroblasts, human embryonic kidney cells (HEK), and central nervous system neurons in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas digestion of cell surface hyaluronan by hyaluronidase

https://www.selleckchem.com/products/rg-7112.html caused hyperpolarization. This effect could not be achieved by other glycosaminoglycans or hyaluronan oligosaccharides, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin which did not affect the membrane potential. Mixtures of high-molecular weight hyaluronan and bovine serum albumin had a larger depolarization effect than expected as the sum of both individual components. The different behavior of high-molecular weight hyaluronan versus hyaluronan oligosaccharides and other glycosaminoglycans can be explained by a Donnan effect combined with a steric exclusion of other molecules from the water solvated chains of high-molecular weight hyaluronan. Depolarization of the plasma membrane by hyaluronan represents an additional pathway of signal transduction to the classical CD44 signal transduction pathway, which links the extracellular matrix to intracellular metabolism. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 858-864, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“Gram-positive streptococci are non-motile, chain-forming bacteria commonly found in the normal oral and bowel flora of warm-blooded animals. Over the past decade, a proteomic approach combining 2-DE and MS has been used to systematically map the cellular, surface-associated and secreted proteins of human pathogenic streptococcal species.

Therefore, individual study results could not be statistically combined.\n\nConclusions

Many self-management support interventions appear benefit patients with irritable bowel syndrome. However, studies were limited by methodological flaws. Furthermore, feasibility in ‘real world’ clinical practice is uncertain. Thus, practical self-management interventions that can be applied across various clinical ERK inhibitor settings should be developed, and then tested in well-designed clinical trials.”
“Three-dimensional iron sulfide nanostructures have been synthesized by a chemical evaporation method. Scanning electron microscopy measurements indicate that the iron sulfide has a unique three-dimensional dumbbell-like nanostructure that consists of hexagonal plates and nanowires with compositions of Fe(9)S(8) and Fe(7)S(8), respectively. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal that both the plates and nanowires are well crystallized. On the basis of the morphology of the nanostructures, a growth mechanism was proposed to explain the formation of such unique nanostructures. The magnetic properties of the iron sulfide were characterized under different conditions. It was found that

the nanostructures are ferrimagnetic, which is manifested by magnetic hysteresis loops at room temperature.”
“A 54-year-old woman was referred to our institution suffering from severe dyspnea and asthenia due to progressive heart failure. Multidetector computed tomography angiography revealed biatrial

enlargement with an image of pulmonary vein aneurysm. She underwent valvuloplasty for mitral and tricuspid valves, ligation of left MK-2206 nmr atrial appendage, and left atrial reduction Geneticin research buy plasty concomitant with minimaze procedure using radiofrequency ablation but no intervention for aneurysm.”
“Aims: Dithiocarb (diethyldithiocarbamate, DEDTC) belongs to the group of dithiocarbamates and is the main metabolite of disulphiram, a drug of choice for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Its therapeutic potential relays on its ability to create an unpleasant aversive reaction following the ingestion of alcohol, and this effect is usually accompanied by neurobehavioural symptoms. Most of these can be attributed to the impaired metabolism of brain biogenic amines. Methods: To gain new insights into the dithiocarbamates and their effects on neurotransmitter systems, an in vivo experimental model based on daily injections of DEDTC in adult mice for 7 days was established. To this end, the concentrations of the three major brain monoamines, dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) were measured in whole brain extracts with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The levels of D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) were evaluated by Western blot and by immunohistochemical techniques the cell pattern of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopa beta hydroxylase (DBH) and choline acetyltransferase ChAT) were analysed.

Conclusions: High prevalence of persistent arthralgia indicates the need for appropriate treatment strategies to reduce the severity and duration of joint pain.”
“Spider monkeys (Ateles sp.) live in a flexible fission-fusion social system in which members of a social group are not in constant association, but instead form smaller subgroups of varying size and composition. Patterns of range use in spider monkeys have been described as sex-segregated, with males and females often ranging separately, females utilizing core areas that encompass only a fraction of the entire community range, and males using much larger portions of the community range that overlap

considerably with the core areas of females and other males. Males are STA-9090 also reported to use the boundary areas AZD1480 concentration of community home ranges more often than females. Spider monkeys thus seem to parallel the “male-bonded” patterns of ranging and association found among some groups of chimpanzees. Over several years of research on one group of spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) in Yasuni National Park, Ecuador, we characterized the ranging patterns of adult males and females and evaluated the extent to which they conform to previously reported patterns. In contrast to ranging patterns seen at several other spider monkey sites, the ranges of our study females overlapped considerably,

SB202190 with little evidence of exclusive use of particular areas by individual monkeys. Average male and female home range size was comparable, and males and females were similar in their use of boundary areas. These ranging patterns are similar to those of “bisexually bonded” groups of chimpanzees

in West Africa. We suggest that the less sex-segregated ranging patterns seen in this particular group of spider monkeys may be owing to a history of human disturbance in the area and to lower genetic relatedness between males, highlighting the potential for flexibility some aspects of the spider monkeys’ fission-fusion social system. Am. J. Primatol. 72:129-141, 2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an important parasitic disease of tropical and semi-tropical areas of the world. The current study is carried out to evaluate the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qom province during 2007-2009.\n\nMethods: The study was performed on patients referred to nine health centers in Qom province. The patients were included in the study by random sampling. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed during 2007-2009. Diagnosis of the disease was based upon the clinical examination and specimens taken from wound serosity, which then underwent Giemsa staining. The demographic data and results of clinical and laboratory evaluations were recorded in patients’ datasheet.

Our results thus differ from the so far reported information. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The site-specific incorporation of the unnatural amino acid p-nitrophenylalanine (pNO(2)Phe) into autologous proteins overcomes self-tolerance and induces a long-lasting polyclonal IgG antibody response. To determine the molecular mechanism by which such simple modifications to amino acids are able to induce

autoantibodies, we incorporated pNO(2)Phe, sulfotyrosine (SO(3)Tyr), and 3-nitrotyrosine (3NO(2)Tyr) at specific sites in murine TNF-alpha and EGF. A subset of TNF-alpha and EGF mutants with these nitrated or sulfated residues is highly immunogenic and induces antibodies against the unaltered native protein. Analysis of the immune response to the TNF-alpha

mutants in different strains of mice that are congenic for the H-2 locus indicates that CD4 T-cell MAPK Inhibitor Library clinical trial recognition is necessary for autoantibody production. IFN-gamma ELISPOT analysis of CD4 T cells isolated from vaccinated mice demonstrates that peptides with mutated residues, but not the wild-type residues, are recognized. Immunization of these peptides revealed that a CD4 repertoire exists for the mutated peptides but is lacking for the wild-type peptides and that the mutated residues are processed, loaded, and presented on the I-A(b) molecule. Overall, our results illustrate that, although autoantibodies are generated against the endogenous protein, CD4 cells are activated through a neo-epitope Staurosporine cell line recognition mechanism. Therefore, tolerance is maintained at a CD4 level but is broken at the level of antibody production. Finally, these results suggest that naturally occurring posttranslational modifications such as nitration may play a role in antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders.”
“The purpose of this

study ERK activity inhibition was to determine whether there are differences in the perceived comfort, plantar pressure, and rearfoot motion between laced running shoes and elastic-covered running shoes. Fifteen male amateur runners participated in the study. Each participant was assigned laced running shoes and elastic-covered running shoes for use during the study. The perceived comfort, plantar loading, and rearfoot motion control of each type of shoes during running were recorded. When the laced running shoes and elastic-covered running shoes were compared, the elastic-covered running shoes were given a lower perceived comfort rating in terms of shoe length, width, heel cup fitting, and forefoot cushioning. The elastic-covered running shoes also recorded higher peak plantar pressure in the lateral side of the forefoot, as well as larger maximum rearfoot pronation. Overall, shoelaces can help runners obtain better foot-shoe fit. They increase the perceived comfort, and decrease the maximum pronation and plantar pressure. Moreover, shoelaces may help prevent injury in running by allowing better control of the aforementioned factors.

We determined the prevalence of self-reported depression and memory dysfunction in ARDS survivors.\n\nMethods: Six to 48 (median 22) months after ICU discharge, we administered GDC 0032 in vitro instruments assessing depression symptoms (Beek Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II]) and memory dysfunction (Memory Assessment Clinics Self-Rating Scale [MAC-S]) to 82 ARDS patients who were enrolled in a prospective cohort study in four university-affiliated ICUs.\n\nResults: Sixty-one (74%), 64 (78%), and 61 (74%) patients fully

completed the BDI-II, MAGS (Ability subscale), and MAGS (Frequency of Occurrence subscale) instruments. Responders (similar to nonresponders) were young (median 42 years, interquartile range [IQR] 35 to 56), with high admission illness severity

and organ dysfunction. The median BDI-11 score was 12 (IQR 5 to 25). Twenty-five (41%) patients reported moderate-severe depression symptoms and were less likely to return to work than those with minimal-mild symptoms (8/25 [32%] vs 25/36 [69%]; p = 0.005). Median MAGS (Ability) and MAGS (Frequency MLN4924 cost of Occurrence) scores were 76 (IQR 61 to 93) and 91 (IQR 77 to 102), respectively; 8%, 16%, and 20% scored > 2, > 1.5, and > 1 SD(s), respectively, below age-adjusted population norms for each subscale. BDI-II and MAGS scores were negatively correlated (Spearman coefficient -0.58 and -0.50 for Ability and Frequency of Occurrence subscales, respectively; p < 0.0001). Univariable analyses showed no demographic or illness-severity predictors of BDI-II (including the Cognitive subscale) or MAGS (both subscales); results were similar when restricted to patients whose primary language was English.\n\nConclusions: ARDS survivors report a high prevalence of depression symptoms

and a lower prevalence of memory dysfunction 6 to 48 months after ICU discharge. Depression symptoms may hinder the return to work, or patients may report these symptoms because of inability to re-enter the workforce.”
“Context: Erectile dysfunction (ED) and premature ejaculation (PE) are the two most prevalent male sexual dysfunctions.\n\nObjective: To present the updated version of 2009 European Association of Urology Nutlin-3 concentration (EAU) guidelines on ED and PE.\n\nEvidence acquisition: A systematic review of the recent literature on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of ED and PE was performed. Levels of evidence and grades of recommendation were assigned.\n\nEvidence synthesis: ED is highly prevalent, and 5-20% of men have moderate to severe ED. ED shares common risk factors with cardiovascular disease. Diagnosis is based on medical and sexual history, including validated questionnaires. Physical examination and laboratory testing must be tailored to the patient’s complaints and risk factors. Treatment is based on phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is), including sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil. PDE5-Is have high efficacy and safety rates, even in difficult-to-treat populations such as patients with diabetes mellitus.

We estimate the effects of for profit market share in two ways, on the provision of medical services and on operating margins at the three types of hospitals. We find that nonprofit hospitals’ medical service provision systematically varies by market mix. We find no significant effect of market mix on the operating margins of nonprofit hospitals, but find that for-profit hospitals have higher GW-572016 in vivo margins in markets with more for-profits. These results fit best with theories in which hospitals maximize their own output. (C) 2009

Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Sensory ganglia comprise functional units built up by neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs). In www.selleckchem.com/products/AC-220.html animal species there was proven the presence of neuronoglial progenitor cells in adult samples. Such neural crest-derived progenitors were found in immunohistochemistry (IHC). These findings were not previously documented in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was thus aimed to assess in TEM if cells of the human adult trigeminal ganglion indeed have ultrastructural features to qualify for a progenitor, or quiescent phenotype. Trigeminal ganglia were obtained from fifteen adult donor cadavers. In TEM, cells with heterochromatic nuclei, a pancytoplasmic content of free ribosomes, few perinuclear mitochondria, poor developed endoplasmic reticulum, lack of Golgi complexes and membrane

trafficking specializations, were found included in the neuronal envelopes built-up by SGCs. The ultrastructural pattern was strongly

suggestive for these cells being quiescent progenitors. However, further experiments should correlate the morphologic and immune phenotypes of such cells.”
“A conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is now recognized as the causal event of fatal neurodegenerative disorders, known as prion diseases. In spite of long-lasting see more efforts, however, the physiological role of PrP(C) remains unclear. It has been reported that PrP(C) is expressed in various areas of the olfactory system, including the olfactory epithelium, but its precise localization in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) is still debated. Here, using immunohistochemistry tools, we have reinvestigated the expression and localization of PrP(C) in the olfactory epithelium of adult congenic mice expressing different PrP(C) amounts, that is, wild-type, PrP-knockout, and transgenic PrP(C)-overexpressing animals. We found that PrP(C) was expressed in OSNs, in which, however, it was unevenly distributed, being detectable at low levels in cell bodies, dendrites and apical layer, and more abundantly in axons. We also studied the involvement of PrP(C) in the response of the olfactory epithelium to odorants, by comparing the electro-olfactograms of the 3 mouse lines subjected to different stimulation protocols.

This led JQEZ5 to a decrease in the micelle size and an increase

in the number of micelles. It was found that any increased repulsive potential resulting from a smaller distance between the charged micelles was relieved by a decrease in the surface charge. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Norwegian spring spawning (NSS) herring migrate to wintering areas in late summer and remain there for about 5 mo in dense aggregations. First-time spawning cohorts typically adopt the wintering area of the spawning stock. However, over the last 50 yr the NSS herring stock has occupied 7 discrete wintering grounds, spanning from the high seas to narrow fjords, which shows that there is considerable plasticity in choice of wintering area. We show that 5 cases of establishment of new wintering areas take place when abundant first-time spawning cohorts take up the adult migration pattern. The ratio https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cbl0137-cbl-0137.html in abundance between age

4 and age 5+ herring is on average 14 in the years when new wintering areas are established compared to 0.3 in years without changes. The wintering areas vary greatly with regards to temperature and distance to the feeding and spawning grounds, features that heavily affect energy expenditure during wintering and migration. Rather than being strictly optimized, the establishment of new wintering areas seems to be governed by general school cohesion mechanisms when naive first-time spawners flood the population and the social learning process is disrupted.”
“Hereditary etiology plays an important role in bilateral profound deafness as a main indication for cochlear implantation. Mutations in DFNB1 locus account for most of the inherited deafness cases in Caucasians. To provide actual Buparlisib concentration data on mutation prevalence among implanted deaf subpopulation, we performed DNA analysis of GJB2 and GJB6 genes in 131 unrelated Slovak

cochlear implant users. Eight previously described causal mutations and one probably pathogenic missense variant (c.127G bigger than A) were detected in the GJB2 gene in 58 (44.28 %) subjects. The most common mutation found was c.35delG with frequency 83.02 % of all disease alleles, followed by c.71G bigger than A, c.1-3201G bigger than A, c.313_326del14, c.109G bigger than A, 167delT, c.269T bigger than C, and c.333_334delAA. GJB6 deletion delD13S1830 was identified in only one subject, in double heterozygosity with a GJB6 mutation. Thus, the deafness cause could be clearly attributable to DFNB1 mutations in 36.64 % of the patients examined. In summary, the mutation profile found in our cohort was similar to the mutation spectrum reported for Central European deaf populations. The mutation prevalence in cochlear implant users was, however, almost by 25 % higher than previously established for non-implanted hearing-impaired population in Slovakia.

Osteogenic differentiation was not detected in nonvalvular endothelial cells. Regions of osteocalcin expression, a marker of osteoblastic differentiation, were detected along the endothelium of mitral valves that had been subjected in vivo to

mechanical stretch.\n\nConclusion-Mitral valve leaflets contain endothelial cells with multilineage mesenchymal differentiation potential, including osteogenic differentiation. This unique feature suggests that postnatal mitral valvular endothelium harbors a reserve of progenitor cells that can contribute to osteogenic and chondrogenic VICs. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31:598-607.)”
“An in-house built instrument was used to fabricate a small internal diameter Luminespib (2 mm) artificial vascular prosthesis from biodegradable chitosan. This new artificial vascular prosthesis has shown a good biocompatibility based on the studies of its cell compatibility, inflammatory reaction, and platelet

adhesion. In an animal test, the prosthesis was used to replace a 4-cm-long section of femoral artery SYN-117 mw in each of the seven tested dogs. The patency of the replacement was monitored at regular intervals using Doppler ultrasound diagnostics. Nine months after the implantation, hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical study, and scanning electron microscope observation were carried out. Complete decomposition of the prosthesis and replacement by a natural blood vessel were observed. The results suggests selleckchem that the artificial vascular prosthesis displays many characteristics of the ideal small-diameter artificial vascular, and have the biocompatibility that can be tailored to match those desired in vascular replacement application. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.”
“Association between long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use and increased risk of breast cancer is still under debate.

Functionally relevant genetic variants within the estrogen metabolic pathway may alter exposure to exogenous sex hormones and affect the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. We investigated the associations of common polymorphisms in 4 genes encoding key proteins of the estrogen metabolic pathway, duration of HRT use and their interactions with breast cancer risk. We studied 530 breast cancer cases and 270 controls of the same age and ethnicity participating in a case-control study of postmenopausal women. Duration of HRT use was ascertained through a postal questionnaire. Genotyping was conducted for CYP1B1 (rs1056836), COMT (rs4680), GSTP1 (rs1695) and MnSOD (rs4880) polymorphisms by PCR-based RFLP and TaqMan (R) allelic discrimination method. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression analysis.

” Inclusion criteria were randomized design, intention-to-treat analysis, and a minimum of 6-month follow-up. Exclusion criteria were vessels treated other than infrapopliteal arteries; devices used other than DESs, plain balloons, or BMSs;

and duplicated data. The primary endpoint was target lesion revascularization; secondary endpoints were restenosis, amputation, death, and improvement in Rutherford class. Results A total of 611 patients from 5 trials were randomly assigned to DESs (n = 294) versus control therapy (plain balloon angioplasty/BMS implantation, n 307). Overall, the median lesion length was 26.8 mm (interquartile range [IQR]: 18.2 to Nutlin-3 molecular weight 30.0 mm) with a reference vessel diameter of 2.86 mm (IQR: 2.68 to 3.00 mm). At a median follow-up of 12 months (IQR: 12 to 36 months), DESs reduced the risk of target lesion revascularization (odds ratio [OR]: 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.18 to 0.54; p smaller than 0.001), restenosis

(OR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.43; p smaller than 0.001), and amputation (OR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.97); p = 0.04) without a significant difference in terms of death (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.45 to 1.49; p = 0.50) and Rutherford class improvement (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 0.91 to 2.04; p = 0.13) versus control therapy. Conclusions In focal disease of infrapopliteal YM155 arteries, DES therapy reduces the risk of reintervention and amputation compared with plain balloon angioplasty or BMS implantation without any impact on mortality

and Rutherford class at 1-year follow-up. (C) 2013 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation”
“Activation of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway and increased expression of Gli1 play an important role in proliferation and transformation of granule cell progenitors (GCP) in the developing cerebellum. Medulloblastomas arising from cerebellar GCPs are frequently driven by Shh pathway-activating mutations; however, molecular mechanisms of Shh pathway dysregulation and transformation of neural progenitors remain poorly defined. We report that the transcription factor and oncogene Snail1 (Sna1) is directly induced by Shh pathway activity in GCPs, murine medulloblastomas, and human medulloblastoma cells. Enforced expression of Sna1 was sufficient CBL0137 price to induce GCPs and medulloblastoma cell proliferation in the absence of Shh/Gli1 exposure. In addition, enforced expression of Sna1 increased transformation of medulloblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of potential Sna1 targets in neural cells revealed a novel Sna1 target, N-Myc, a transcription factor known to play a role in Shh-mediated GCP proliferation and medulloblastoma formation. We found that Sna1 directly induced transcription of N-Myc in human medulloblastoma cells and that depletion of N-Myc ablated the Sna1-induced proliferation and transformation.