[50] People older than 50 years face increased risks of UV-associated cataracts,

pterygia, and eyelid skin cancers.[50] Elderly persons who have had cataracts removed and intraocular lenses placed face increased risks Ku-0059436 cell line of retinal damage from UV exposures.[50] For additional protection from blue visible light (400–440 nm) not essential for sight, Roberts has recommended that persons over age 50 wear “specially designed sunglasses or contact lenses to reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration.”[50] Historically, sunscreens were developed for protection from sunburn from UVB only. Today, most sunscreens are composed of combinations of organic chemicals to absorb UV light (padimate, oxybenzone), selleck compound inorganic chemicals to filter and reflect UV light (titanium dioxide, zinc oxide), and newer organic particles to both absorb and reflect UV light (Parsol®, Tinosorb®, Uvinul®). Several factors can significantly affect the protective capabilities of a sunscreen’s SPF number including amount of initial sunscreen applied, altitude, season, time of day, sweating, water exposure, UV

reflection by snow or water, and skin type. Cool air or water temperatures bathing skin surfaces may influence personal perception of the felt need to apply sunscreens. Cool skin temperatures do not offer UV protection. Sunscreens should be applied to sun-exposed skin throughout the year, even during the coldest seasons, and especially when solar UV radiation can Miconazole be magnified at altitude or by reflections off ice, snow, or water. A sunscreen with an SPF of 15 properly applied (defined as 2 mg/cm2 of sun-exposed skin) will protect one from 93% of UVB radiation; SPF 30 is protective against 97% of UVB; SPF 50 is protective against 98% of UVB.[28] Sunscreens should always be broad-spectrum products that block both UVA and UVB rays; and hypoallergenic and noncomedogenic, so as not to cause rashes, or clog pores, causing acne.[28] For children younger than 6 months, always

use hats, clothing, and shading, rather than sunscreens.[28] For children older than 6 months, always use photoprotective clothing and sunscreens of SPF 15 and higher depending on skin types.[28] Reapplications of sunscreens, especially after swimming or excessive sweating, are important practices for vacationing travelers to adopt in high UV index areas.[29, 44] Rai and Srinivas have recommended that individuals should initially apply sunscreens (2 mg/cm2) 30 minutes prior to sun exposures and reapply every 2 to 3 hours thereafter.[44] However, earlier reapplications are indicated following vigorous activities that remove sunscreens, such as swimming, sweating, and towel drying.

, 2002). Many members of this genus of Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacteria have atypically large genes (>10 kb in size) encoding multimodular polyketide synthases and nonribosomal peptide synthetases that catalyze the biosynthesis of polyketide and nonribosomal peptide antibiotics, respectively (Bentley et al., 2002). The expression of the extraordinarily large genes encoding these mega-enzymes has long been a curiosity (Lipmann et al., 1971; Schwarzer et al., 2003). Three of the largest genes in

the S. coelicolor genome encode the nonribosomal peptide synthetases CDA PSI, CDA PSII, and CDA PSIII (Bentley et al., 2002). The cdaPSI gene (SCO3230) is the largest gene in S. coelicolor at 22 391 bp (Bentley et al., 2002). cdaPSII (SCO3231) and cdaPSIII (SCO3232) are 11 012 and 7253 bp in size, respectively (Bentley et al., 2002; http://strepdb.streptomyces.org.uk). Selleck Ceritinib The megaenzymes encoded by these genes catalyze the biosynthesis

of a cyclic lipopeptide called the calcium-dependent antibiotic (CDA) (Hopwood, 1979; Hopwood & Wright, 1983; Chong et al., 1998; Hojati et al., 2002). We proposed that any influence of LepA on the translation of the cda transcripts would be evident in the amount of CDA that a S. coelicolor strain produces. Surprisingly, we found that a S. coelicolor lepA null strain produces more CDA than the wild-type strain. Escherichia coli strain selleck chemical DH5α was used as the general cloning host. Escherichia coli BW25113 (pIJ790) was used as a host for λRED recombination (Gust et al., 2003). Escherichia coli ET12567

(pUZ8002) was used as the donor in conjugations with S. coelicolor M600 (SCP1−, SCP2−), a plasmid-free derivative of wild-type S. coelicolor A3(2) (Kieser et al., 2000; Gust et al., 2003). Bacillus mycoides was used for CDA bioassays. Escherichia coli strains were grown in Luria–Bertani broth or on agar supplemented with antibiotics [ampicillin (100 μg mL−1), apramycin (50 μg mL−1), chloramphenicol (25 μg mL−1), hygromycin (75 μg mL−1), and kanamycin (50 μg mL−1)]. The media for growth of Streptomyces strains were mannitol soya flour medium, Difco nutrient agar medium (DNA), OXOID nutrient agar medium, liquid yeast extract–malt LY294002 extract medium, 2 × YT, and OXOID nutrient broth (Kieser et al., 2000). As was necessary, those media were supplemented with antibiotics [apramycin (50 μg mL−1), hygromycin (40 μg mL−1), kanamycin (50 μg mL−1), and nalidixic acid (20 μg mL−1)]. Bacillus mycoides was grown on soft nutrient agar supplemented with calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] (Kieser et al., 2000). Standard cloning procedures were used in generating the plasmids described in this work (Sambrook & Russell, 2001). pBluescript II KS+ (Stratagene) was used for subcloning. pMS81, a hygromycin-resistant ΦBT1 attP-int-based vector (Gregory et al., 2003), was used for genetic complementation.

The phenomenon may be seen in MRI as multiple focal lesions with a linear or spotty appearance following gadolinium enhancement.6 Similar cases of acute neuroschistosomiasis at the time of larval invasion have been reported previously, and show close radiological abnormalities to those identified here.7–9 Furthermore, Akt inhibitor the two cases presented herein were brothers with a common genetic

background, and they were considered to have been infected simultaneously with the same pathogen. They showed a close form of inflammatory, poly-symptomatic encephalitis and were identically managed by initial administration of praziquantel with apparent rapid resolution of most systemic symptoms and of neurological involvement as well. Remaining or secondary symptoms accounting for pyramidal signs with tremor or gait disturbance were improved with a rapid resolution following a second administration of praziquantel and the initiation of corticosteroid treatment. This observation is in-line with standard care of acute neuroschistosomiasis10 considering the option challenge with high doses of corticosteroids as soon as possible to attenuate or avoid cerebral vasculitis.10,11 Thus, the first dose of praziquantel

should be given when neurological symptoms have abated, to prevent worsening of central inflammation through larval lysis.11,12 A second dose of praziquantel should be given routinely a few weeks after the first dose, as praziquantel is only effective against fully grown worms. ADEM associated with S mansoni larval invasion has been documented infrequently. Public health Belnacasan campaigns aimed at traveler education and increasing awareness of these risks are thus of prime importance. The physician should be alerted by the presence of neurological symptoms in patients presenting with Katayama fever to perform an MRI and initiate corticosteroid treatment if necessary to avoid aggravation. We thank Dr A. Doble for the generous help and proof reading. The authors state they

have no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“Old World mucosal leishmaniasis is a rare but regularly reported disease in Southern Europe. We report the case of a 64-year-old woman who developed severe hypokalemia under meglumine antimoniate treatment and was successfully Isotretinoin treated under second line therapy with miltefosine. A 64-year-old Swiss woman was referred by her dentist with therapy-refractory painful mucosal lesions in the oral cavity, persisting over the last 6 months. The dental examination revealed multiple mucosal lesions on the hard and soft palate, gingiva, and base of the tongue, with the largest lesion measuring about 15 mm in diameter (Figure 1). Past medical history and physical examination were otherwise unremarkable revealing no history of skin lesions. Routine laboratory investigations—including tests for underlying immunodeficiency—were inconspicuous.

Initial phases for the YahD crystal data were obtained by molecular replacement using molrep of the ccp4 program suite (Collaborative Computational Project, Number 4, 1994; Vagin & Teplyakov, 2010). The model obtained was subjected to rigid-body refinement, followed by iterative cycles of restrained-maximum likelihood refinement, including Apitolisib order isotropic temperature factor

adjustment with refmac (Murshudov et al., 1997) and by manual rebuilding using coot (Emsley & Cowtan, 2004). During this process, 5% randomly selected reflections have been used to calculate Rfree to monitor bias during model building and refinement. Water molecules were added using coot, and the validation of the model was carried out using molprobity. The atomic coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession 3OG9. We previously identified yahD as a copper-induced gene of L. lactis IL1403 and, find more here, aimed to characterize the corresponding gene product. By visual inspection and bioinformatics analysis (Ermolaeva et al., 2001), the gene encoding YahD is predicted to be part of an operon consisting of yahC, yahD,

yaiA and yaiB (Fig. 1). The operon is preceded by a cop box of consensus TACANNTGTA, which has been shown previously to interact with the copper-responsive repressor, CopR, of L. lactis. The operon terminates in a hairpin loop (theoretical stability Montelukast Sodium −16.8 kcal), which presumably acts as a ρ-independent transcriptional

terminator. The presence of these transcriptional control elements, together with the dense spacing of the four genes, further supports the operon structure. The first gene of the operon, yahC, encodes a hypothetical protein of 65 amino acids (accession NP_835288), followed by yahD (accession NP_266234), predicted to encode a serine hydrolase of 206 amino acids. The final two genes of the operon are yaiA (accession NP_266233), encoding a predicted protein of 389 amino acids with sequence similarity to glyoxylases I (lactoylglutathione lyases), and yaiB (accession NP_266234), encoding a hypothetical protein of 196 amino acids. All proteins of the operon have calculated pI values in the range of 4.5–5. Because bacterial genes are usually grouped in operons based on metabolic relationships, we also studied the operon context of yahD-like genes in related organisms. The L. lactis operon and the operons of five other well-studied Firmicutes, namely Enterococcus faecalis V583, Staphylococcus aureus N315, B. cereus E33L, Bacillus subtilis 168 and Lactobacillus casei BL23, were compared (Fig. 1). All six operons feature the expected −10 and −35 sequence elements and are also terminated by stem–loop structures with stabilities of −10.9 to −27.7 kcal mol−1. Interestingly, the yahC gene is unique to L.

The recommendation LGK-974 solubility dmso from the Writing Group

is that in constructing an optimized background, continuing/commencing NRTIs may contribute partial ARV activity to a regimen, despite drug resistance [55, 56]. For those drugs with a novel mode of action (integrase and fusion inhibitors, and CCR5 antagonists), the absence of previous exposure indicates susceptibility although MVC is only active against patients harbouring CCR5 tropic virus. For DRV, TPV and ETV, the number and type of mutations inform the degree to which these drugs are active [56-58]. The potential for DDIs is also important. ETV can be paired with DRV/r (but not TPV/r) and MVC dosing is variable depending on the other drugs in the new regimen; however, RAL and enfuvirtide require no alteration. Some patients can have a successfully suppressive fully active three-drug regimen constructed without a PI/r [59]. Nevertheless, where feasible, a PI/r such as DRV/r should be included because of its protective effect on emergent resistance to the other drugs in the regimen although this can be given DRV/r 800 mg/100 mg once

daily in treatment-experienced patients without DRV resistance associated mutations [60]. Enfuvirtide is an option in some patients despite the inconvenience of subcutaneous injection and injection site reactions. With the availability of the newer agents, dual PI/r are not recommended [61]. The same principles Sirolimus supplier Dabrafenib purchase regarding reviewing adherence, tolerability/toxicity issues, DDIs/food interactions, and mental health/drug dependency problems

apply. Additional adherence support is important in these patients as the reason triple-class failure has occurred often relates to past poor adherence. Additionally, the pill burden is increased and careful discussion with the patient should take place. We recommend accessing newer agents through research trials, expanded access and named patient programmes (GPP). We suggest continuing/commencing NRTIs as this may contribute partial ARV activity to a regimen, despite drug resistance (2C). We recommend the use of 3TC or FTC to maintain a mutation at codon position 184 of the RT gene (1B). We recommend against discontinuing or interrupting ART (1B). We recommend against adding a single, fully active ARV because of the risk of further resistance (1D). We recommend against the use of MVC to increase the CD4 cell count in the absence of CCR5 tropic virus (1C). This situation usually occurs following attempts in patients with triple-class failure to achieve virological suppression with the newer agents and often indicates adherence issues have not been addressed successfully or sequential addition of the newer agents has occurred without incomplete viral suppression and selection of resistance to the new drug.

5b, lanes 7 and 8). The canonical three-dimensional structure of the receiver domain contains an ‘acidic pocket’ that is essential for phosphorylation of the response regulator, although only one of the aspartate residues is ultimately phosphorylated. Our results suggest that Asp58 is the conserved transphosphorylation site in AroR that, together with Asp13 and Asp53, forms the acidic pocket. Again, we used 1D 1H

NMR spectroscopy to confirm that the protein products used in these experiments were correctly folded. Arsenite-oxidizing bacteria were first identified in 1918 (Green, 1918); however, until the last decade, none were found that utilized arsenite as an energy source (Santini et al., 2000; Stolz et al., 2006). We have now demonstrated that in the chemolithoautotroph Navitoclax nmr NT-26, the specific two-component signal transduction system is involved in the transcriptional regulation of the arsenite-oxidizing enzyme. While previously putative regulatory genes have been reported from other arsenite-oxidizing organisms, we have for the first time demonstrated the enzymatic activities of the gene products and confirmed the two proteins as a cognate response regulator pair. selleck chemicals llc The main aspect of the regulation of arsenite oxidation is that it involves σ54-dependent transcription as indicated by the presence of a σ54 promoter

region upstream of aroB and the identification of an

AAA+ protein domain, which has been linked to σ54 activation in other systems, in the response regulator AroR. Approximately Adenosine triphosphate 10% of all known DNA-binding response regulators contains the NtrC/DctD AAA+ATPase domain fused to a factor of an inversion (Fis)-type helix-turn-helix domain (Batchelor et al., 2008; Gao & Stock, 2009). ATPase in the AAA+ proteins is dependent on the formation of a hexameric or a heptameric ring structure that is regulated by phosphorylation of the receiver domain (Gao & Stock, 2009). Currently, there are two known modes of phosphorylation-induced assemblies: in the case of NtrC phosphorylated REC domain participates in the intermolecular interactions and is involved in the formation of a hexameric interface (Kostrewa et al., 1992; Sallai & Tucker, 2005; De Carlo et al., 2006), whereas in the case of NtrC1 and DctD REC phosphorylation releases the inhibitory affect that this domain has on the formation of heptameric ring and ATPase activation (Park et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2003). Further structural and mechanistic studies will be carried out addressing the molecular basis and phosphorylation dependence of AroR–DNA interaction. Arsenite sensing is particularly interesting from the aspect of bioremediation as arsenic contamination is a serious world-wide problem. In Asia (e.g. Bangladesh, several states of India, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam, Cambodia, China, etc.

Higher values of the short-pause position preference indicate that mitochondrial short pauses occurred more preferentially near presynaptic sites. APP-containing vesicles were used as a cargo control and stationary mitochondria localised away from

presynaptic sites were used as a positional control. The short-pause position preferences for each condition at 3 weeks are summarised in Fig. 6B. Anterogradely moving mitochondria showed significantly high values selleckchem of the short-pause position preference at synaptic sites (Z = 4.13, P < 0.001; Z-test). Additionally, retrogradely moving APP-containing vesicles with TTX showed preferential short pause near synapses (Z = 2.24, P = 0.03; Z-test). In order to examine a relationship between short-pause events and synaptic properties, presynapses were grouped into those with higher total fluorescence intensities of EGFP-VAMP2 (possibly containing more SVs; Fig. 2C) and those with lower intensities Osimertinib price (containing less SVs). Anterogradely moving mitochondria preferentially stopped temporarily near the positions of synapses with more SVs ( = 7.99, P = 0.005; Pearson’s chi-square test; Table 2), but this preference of anterogradely moving mitochondria was attenuated by TTX

application ( = 1.85, P = 0.17; Pearson’s chi-square test; Table 2). However, retrogradely moving mitochondria showed a higher tendency towards temporal stop near synapses with more SVs in the presence of TTX ( = 10.92, P = 0.001; Pearson’s chi-square test; Table 2). These seemingly opposite tendencies may indicate that the regulation of mitochondrial preferential pause at larger synapses may differ between anterograde and retrograde transport. Chronic TTX treatment decreased the short-pause rates of axonal mitochondria (Fig. 5B), buy Vorinostat suggesting that neuronal activity regulates the transport of axonal mitochondria. To gain further insight into the acute regulation of mitochondria transport by neuronal activity, axonal mitochondria were imaged under the application of electrical

stimulation. Cultured hippocampal neurons expressing mCherry-OMP and G-CaMP6 (Ohkura et al., 2012) were imaged in Tyrode’s solution with the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor blocker D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid and the AMPA receptor blocker 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, which were added to prevent glutamate toxicity under electrical stimulation (Antero, n = 110 mitochondria; Retro, n = 120 mitochondria from seven cells; Fig. 7A–F). Live cells were placed on a heated stage and imaged at intervals of 3 s for 50 min. Electrical field stimulations of 40 Hz for 10 s were applied every 3 min. The induction of neural activities was confirmed by the elevation of G-CaMP6 fluorescence intensity quantified as ΔF/F0 (Fig. 7A).

The cereulide-producing B. cereus strain NVH 1257 was used for positive control. The Bacillus spp. strains were tested for their ability to produce cereulide under standard conditions, essentially as described by Andersson et al. (2004), with minor modifications. The cereulide-producing strain NVH 1257 was used as a positive control. The virulence properties of the various strains were assessed by comparing the killing effect, by injection into the haemocoel and selleck by oral force feeding. The tests were performed with G. mellonella last-instar larvae weighing about 200 mg, reared at the

INRA laboratory by free feeding on pollen and beeswax at 25 °C. The general protocols have been described earlier (Bouillaut et al., 2005). Briefly, both oral and haemocoel infections were performed with exponential growth phase bacteria

(OD600 nm≈1–2). The needed volume (≈1–3 mL) of bacterial Luria–Bertani culture was centrifuged at 20 000 g. for 5 min, and pellets were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7, either alone (for haemocoel) or in Cry1C toxin diluted in PBS (0.3 mg mL−1) ATR inhibitor for oral infection. A total of 300 μL suspension was prepared for each dose in order to infect 20 larvae with 10 μL of this suspension. For haemocoel infections, tested doses were from 5.0 × 103 to 1.4 × 104 bacteria per larva and oral infection was performed with 3–7 × 106 bacteria per larva. Cry1C toxin is necessary for sacrifice by oral infection because neither the toxin nor bacteria alone confer high mortality (Salamitou et al., 2000); meanwhile, the exact role of the synergistic effect of Cry1C toxin is not yet elucidated. Bacterial suspensions used for infection

experiments were quantified by plate counting for every experiment, as confirmation of estimated dose from measurements of OD600 nm before infection. Tests were repeated at least three times. Control larvae were injected with PBS, pH 7.4, or PBS and Cry1C for oral infection. Infected larvae were kept at 15 and 37 °C [five larvae per Petri-dish (5 cm diameter) without food] and mortality was recorded at 24, 48, 66, 96 and 120 h postinfection. Mortality Isoconazole analyses comparing temperature, time, strains and route of infection were carried out using regression analysis. The dataset consisted of 505 observations from two species and seven strains (four B. weihenstephanensis and three B. cereus strains). Linear regression was performed with mortality as the response variable and categorical factors: temperature (low=15 °C, high=37 °C), species (B. cereus, B. weihenstephanensis), hours after infection (numerical) and infection route (haemocoel=haemocoel injection, oral=oral force feeding) as predictor variables. To account for the inherent time aspect of mortality, two interaction terms were added to model interconnectivity between hours after infection and both infection route and temperature.

These results, which are in agreement with observations of competition for root colonization, where mutants lacking the thin flagellum were equally competitive as the parental strains, while mutants lacking the thick flagellum or both were less competitive (Althabegoiti

et al., 2010), suggest a complex role of flagellins in competitiveness. On the one hand, the effects of motility on competitiveness depended on the water status of the rooting substrate, and on the other, mutants devoid of the thin flagellum indicated that flagellin activities unrelated to motility HDAC inhibitor might have exerted an influence. Flagellins are pathogen-related molecular patterns able to elicit plant defense responses (Nicaise et al., 2009). However, the active portion is a 22-amino acid peptide near the N-terminus called flg22, which is not conserved in rhizobial flagellins (Gómez-Gómez & Boller, 2002) including FliCI-II or FliC1-4 (J. Pérez-Giménez, unpublished data). Another possible role related to competitiveness might be in bacterial adhesion to roots; however, studies in Rhizobium leguminosarum indicated that flagellin is not an adhesin (Smit et al.,

1989). Furthermore, flagellin expression in the vermiculite is unknown. Thus, more studies are required to evaluate the nature of flagellin activities in B. japonicum. In soils at field capacity, rhizobial motility may be scarce (Madsen & Alexander, 1982; Liu et al., 1989; McDermott & Graham, 1989; López-García et al., 2002; Horiuchi et al., 2005), because chemoattractant Erastin in vivo diffusion is slower due to the lower water potential, paths are impaired due to the tortuosity and size of the soil pores, and bacterial movement is retarded due to attachment/detachment to and from soil particles from (Watt et al., 2006; Tufenkji, 2007). Our results with the nonmotile double mutants are in agreement with these observations, indicating that the effect of swimming on competition for nodulation would

be restricted to situations of water saturation of the soil pores (which, in field crops, occur after irrigation or rainfall). However, much work still remains to be carried out to understand the different performances of each flagellum in laboratory and field experiments. Among the main factors that may play a role in the field situation are the physiological state of the rhizobia at the time of inoculation, the expression of each flagellum in the environment, their activities apart from motility, and the influence of soil factors such as micro- and macrobiota, organic matter, porosity, structure, and climate, all of which are absent in the lab system. Nevertheless, our results underscore the importance of inoculant application methods in field crops to benefit from rhizobial motility in the competition for nodulation (López-García et al., 2002, 2009; Althabegoiti et al., 2008).

Furthermore, scl-L4, which encodes serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), has been identified using both SCOTS and STM (Harper et al., 2003). The glyA gene, encoding SHMT, was shown to be essential in E. coli (Yan et al., 2002). It belongs to the pur regulon, which is required for purine synthesis in E. coli (Steiert et al., 1990). The AL393 mutant of P. multocida, which has a probable effect on glyA function, was attenuated only in chickens in STM (Harper et al., Cobimetinib chemical structure 2003). Clone scs-L15 corresponds to the gene encoding a polynucleotide phosphorylase (Pnp) that

is involved in the degradation of mRNA. In a previous study using STM, a pnp mutant of P. multocida was identified and found to be attenuated in mice (Fuller et al., 2000). Meanwhile, pnp was found to be required for the expression of plasmid-borne virulence genes in Shigella flexneri, using STM (Tobe et al., 1992). The clone scs-L13, homologous to the fhaB1/fhaB2

gene that encodes filamentous hemagglutinin, harbors a potential virulence factor. Using STM in a model of septicemia in the mouse, the fhaB1 and fhaB2 genes from a case of bovine pneumonia were identified, and an fhaB2 knockout mutant was engineered using a temperature-sensitive plasmid in a well-known virulent strain of P. multocida A: 3 (P-1059) (Fuller et al., 2000). The virulence of the ΔfhaB2 mutant was attenuated in Beltsville white turkeys following intranasal administration, and fhaB2 peptides were evaluated in the

natural host (Tatum et al., 2005). The fhaB1 gene was inserted using buy Sunitinib a kanamicin-resistant gene, and the ΔfhaB1 mutant of P. multocida strain C48-102 was attenuated when administered via intranasal injection (our data). In contrast, some scs-L clones showed homology to the upregulated genes found in other pathogenic bacteria, including those expressed during natural and/or experimental infection or under in vitro growth conditions that mimicked an in vivo environment. Clones scs-L18, scs-L22, and scs-L24 encode cell division protein FtsQ, translation elongation factor EF-Tu (TufA), and ATP-stimulated mitochondrial matrix protein Farnesyltransferase (Lon protease), respectively. Fittipaldi and colleagues, using SCOTS, identified the ftsQ/divIB gene that is expressed preferentially by S. suis upon interaction with porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells (Fittipaldi et al., 2007). However, FtsQ was downregulated when recovered from the blood of chickens infected with P. multocida (Boyce et al., 2002). FtsQ/divIB is a highly conserved component of the divisome that plays a central role in the assembly of the early and late cell division proteins FtsL and FtsB/DivIC (Robson & King, 2006; Gonzalez et al., 2010). The ftsQ and divIB genes are homologous; ftsQ was essential in E.